76 
HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED. 
corolla.” Fig. 195 is the corolla of Morning-Glory laid open, to show the stamens 
inserted on it, i. e. grown fast to it, towards the bottom. We may even have the 
Stamens inserted on the Style , that is, united with it even up to the stigma. It is 
so in the Orchis family. 
218. Gymnospermous or Open and Naked-seeded Pistils. This is the very peculiar 
pistil which belongs to Pines, Spruces, Cedars, and all that family of plants; and it 
is the simplest of all. For here the pistil is an open leaf or scale, bearing two or 
three ovules on its upper or inner surface. Each scale of a Pine-cone is an open 
pistil, and the ovules, instead of being enclosed in an ovary which forms a pod, are 
naked, and exposed to the pollen shed by the stamen-bearing 
flowers, which falls directly upon them. Fig. 196 is a view 
of the upper side of an open pistil or scale from a forming 
Larch-cone, at flowering-time, showing the two ovules borne 
on the face of it, one on each side near the bottom. Fig. 
197 is the same grown larger, the ovules becoming seeds. 
When ripe and dry, the scales turn back, and the naked 
seeds peel off and fall away. 
219. Plants which have such open scales for pistils accordingly take the name of 
Gymnospermous or Naked-seeded. The Pine family is the principal example 
of the kind (see p. 201). All other Flowering plants are 
Angiospermous, that is, have their ovules and seeds produced in a seed-vessel 
of some sort. 
Analysis of the Section. 
168. Arrangement of Flowers, or Inflorescence. 169. Situation of Flower-buds : terminal and axil¬ 
lary. 170. Solitary flowers. 171. Flower-clusters. 172. Bracts and Bractlets. 173, 174. Flower- 
stalks: Peduncle and Pedicels. 175. Kinds of flower-clusters. 176. Raceme; order of opening of the 
blossoms. 177. Corymb. 178. Umbel. 179. Comparison with Raceme, &c. 180. Head. 181. Com¬ 
parison with the Umbel, and, 182. the Spike. 183. Catkin or Ament. 184. Spadix. 185. Its Spathe. 
186. Involucre. 187. Compound Clusters: Umbellets; Involucel. 188. Panicle; Thyrse. 189. Cyme. 
190. Fascicle. 
191. Flowers: their parts illustrated by the Stonecrop: 192. A pattern flower. 193. Leaves of flower 
or Perianth. 194. Petal; its Blade and Claw. 195. Stamen; its parts. 196. Pollen; its structure 
and use. 197. Pistil ; its parts. 198. Nature of the flower; its parts answer to leaves. 198\ How a 
stamen answers to a leaf. 199. How a pistil answers to a leaf: Placenta. 
200. Sorts of Flowers : one general plan : 201. Varied in several ways. 202. Complete flower. 
203. Perfect flower. 204. Incomplete flower: apetalous; naked. 205. Imperfect or separated flowers: 
staminate or sterile ; pistillate or fertile; monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous. 206. Neutral flowers. 
