POPULAR FLORA. 
197 
84. WALNUT FAMILY. Order JU GLAND ACE JE. 
Timber and nut trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules; the sterile flowers in 
hanging catkins and with an irregular calyx; the fertile ones single or few together at the 
end of a shoot; their calyx coherent with the ovary, and 4-toothed at its summit. Fruit 
a kind of stone-fruit; the outer part becoming dry when ripe, and forming a husk, the 
stone incompletely 2-celled or 4-celled, but with only one ovule and seed. The whole 
kernel is a great embryo, with the cotyledons separated, lobed, and crumpled. — Only 
two genera: — 
Catkins of the sterile flowers single; the bracts or scales united with the calyx: stamens 
8 to 40. Fertile flowers with 4 small petals between the teeth of the calyx: short 
styles and stigmas 2, fringed: husk of the fruit thin, and not separating into valves 
or regular pieces. Bark and bruised leaves strong-scented and staining brown. Leaf- 
buds nearly naked, ( Juglans ) Walnut. 
Catkins 3 or more on one peduncle: stamens 3 to 8; anthers almost sessile. No petals in 
the fertile flowers: stigma large, 4-lobed. Husk of the fruit splitting into four pieces 
or valves, which separate from the smooth stone or shell. Wood very hard and 
tough. Leaf-buds scaly (Fig. 55), ( Carya) Hickory. 
Walnut. Juglans. 
1. Black Walnut. Leaves and stalks smoothish; leaflets many, lance-ovate, taper-pointed; fruit 
round, the thin husk drying on the very rough stone. Common W. J. nigra. 
2. Butternut, or Gray-barked W. Leaves, stalks, and oblong fruit clammy-downy when young, 
the stone with more ragged ridges, and tree smaller than No. 1. J. cinerea. 
3. True or English W. Smooth; leaflets only about 9, oblong; fruit round; husk separating from 
the thin and nearly smooth stone. Cultivated, from the South of Europe. J. regia. 
Hickory. Carya. 
* Fruit and stone round or roundish. 
1. Shagbark H. (also called Shellbark or Sweet H.) Bark on the trunk shaggy and scaling 
off; leaflets generally 5, three of them lance-obovate, the lower pair smaller and oblong-lanceolate, 
finely serrate; husk thick; stone roundish, thick or thin; seed very sweet: furnishes the hickory- 
nuts of the market. C. alba. 
2. Mockernut H. Bark cracked on the larger trunks ; leaflets 7 to 9, roughish-downy beneath, 
slightly serrate, oblong-lanceolate; catkins hairy; husk and stone very thick; seed sweetish but 
small. Common S. and W. C. iomentosa. 
3. Pignut H. Bark close and smooth; leaflets 5 to 7, smooth, lance-ovate, serrate; fruit pear-shaped 
or obovate, the husk and stone rather thin; seed sweetish or bitterish, small. C. glabra. 
4. Bitternut or Swamp H. Bark of trunk smooth; buds little scaly: leaflets 7 to 11, lance-oblong, 
smooth; husk and stone of the fruit thin and tender; seed very bitter. Wet woods. C. amara. 
* * Fruit and thin stone narrowly oblong: husk thin. 
5. Pecan-nut H. Leaflets 13 or 15,oblong-lanceolate, oblique, serrate; stone olive-sliaped, thin; seed 
very sweet. W. & S. C. olivczformis. 
