206 
FOPULAR FLORA. 
92. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. Order TYPHACEiE. 
Marsh herbs, with linear, sword-shaped leaves (erect, except they float in water), and 
monoecious naked flowers in dense spikes or heads, one sort consisting of some stamens 
only, the other of pistils only. Fruit a one-seeded akene. No spathe, except some open 
bracts or leaves. 
Flowers in one long spike or spadix, the upper part bearing stamens only, the lower slen¬ 
der pistils only closely packed together; ovary long-stalked and surrounded 
by slender down, ( Typha ) Cat-tail. 
Flowers in separate heads, some bearing stamens only, others pistils only, each sur¬ 
rounded by several scales, but no down, (Sparganium) Bur-Reed. 
II. Petaloideous Division. 
93. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. Order ALISMACEiE. 
Marsh or aquatic herbs, with a distinct calyx of 3 green or greenish sepals and a corolla 
of 3 white petals, 6 to many stamens on the receptacle, and many one-ovuled pistils 
collected into a ring or head, becoming akenes in fruit. Leaves mostly oblong-heart-shaped, 
lance-shaped, or arrow-shaped, sometimes with cross veinlets, long-petioled. Flowers on 
scapes. Two genera are common. 
Flowers perfect with about 6 stamens, small, in an open panicle: pistils 15 to 20 in a ring: 
leaves not arrow-shaped, ( Alisma ) Water-Plantain. 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in a loose raceme or spike; the sterile ones with many 
stamens; the fertile with many pistils in a head, making thin winged akenes. 
Leaves or some of them generally arrow-shaped, ( Sagittaria) Arrowhead. 
94. TRILLIUM FAMILY. Order TRILLIACEJE. 
Herbs with simple stems rising from a short rootstock, rather conspicuously netted- 
veined leaves in a whorl, and perfect and regular flowers: — containing in this country 
only the genus Trillium and the Indian Cucumber-root, which are here described. 
Trillium.* Trillium. 
Stem bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 broad leaves and one rather large flower. Calyx of 
3 green spreading sepals. Corolla of 3 spreading petals. Stamens 6, with short filaments and long 
erect anthers turned inwards, inserted on the receptacle. Pistil one, 3-celled, commonly with 3 to 6 
lobes or ridges, and making a purple many-seeded berry in' fruit: styles or long sessile stigmas 3, 
spreading. — They all grow in rich woods, and blossom in spring or early summer. 
1. Sessile-flowered T. Flower and the ovate leaves both sessile; petals rather erect, dark dull 
purple or greenish. W. & S. T. sessile. 
2. Recurved T. Leaves narrowed at the base into a footstalk; sepals turned down; petals nar¬ 
rowed at both ends; otherwise like No. 1. W. T. recurvalum. 
* Also called Birthroot, Wake-Robin, and Three-leaved Nightshade. 
