THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. ,35 
: Hie gizzard is most highly developed, and of a deep-red 
color, in the Scratchers and flat-billed Swimmers (as Fowls 
■ and. Swans); but comparatively thin and feeble in Birds 
of. Prey (as the Eagle), 
The gizzard, is follow¬ 
ed .by the intestines, 
which are longer than 
those of Reptiles: the 
small intestine begins 
' <0 
with a loop (the duo¬ 
denum), and is folded 
, several times upon it- 
• self; the large intestine 
is short and! straight, 
terminating in the sole 
outlet of the body, the 
cloaca l A liver and 
pancreas are always 
attached to the upper 
part of the small in¬ 
testine. 
The alimentary ca¬ 
nal in Mammals is 
clearly separated into 
four distinct cavities: 
the pharynx, or throat; 
the oesophagus, or gul¬ 
let; the stomach ; and 
the intestines. 
The pharynx is more 
complicated than in 
Birds. It is a funnel- 
shaped bag, having 
seven openings lead¬ 
ing into it: two from 
Fig. 50. — Digestive Apparatus of the Fowl: 1, 
tongue; 2, pharynx; 3, 5, cesophagus; 4, crop; 
6 , proventriculus; 7, gizzard; 8,9,10, duodenum ; 
11,12, small intestine ; 13, two caeca (analogue O f f 
the colon of mammals); 14, their insertion into 
the intestinal tube; 15, rectum; 16, cloaca; 17, 
anas; 18, mesentery; 19,20, left aud right lobes 
of liver; 21, gall-bladder; 22, insertion of pan¬ 
creatic and biliary ducts; 23, pancreas; 24, lung; 
25, ovary; 26, oviduct. 
