HOW ANIMALS BREATHE. 
115 
the blood wherever it circulates. To keep the pipes ever 
open, and at the same time leave them flexible, they are 
provided with an elastic spiral thread, like 
the rubber tube of a drop-light. Kespira- 
tion is performed by the movements of 
the abdomen, as may be seen in the Bee 
when at rest. This “ air-pipe system,” as 
it may be termed, is best developed in In¬ 
sects. 
The “nerves” of an Insect’s wine: con- 
& Fig. 80. — Tracheal 
sist of a tube within a tube: the inner one Tube of au insect, 
. . .... highly magnified, 
is a trachea carrying air, and the outer one, showing elastic 
sheathing it, is a blood-vessel. So perfect 8pual th,ead * 
is the aeration of the whole body, from brain to feet, 
the blood is ox} y genated at the moment when, and on the 
spot where, it is carbonized; only one kind of fluid is, 
h 
n 
Fig. 81.—Ideal Section of a Bee: a , alimentary canal; h, dorsal vessel: t, trachea; 
n, nervous cord. 
therefore, circulating — arterial. It is difficult to drown 
an Insect, as the water cannot enter the pores; but if a 
drop of oil be applied to the abdomen, it falls dead at 
once, being suffocated. The largest spiracle is usually 
