292 
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
sands in the winged Insects). 
They are never placed on 
movable stalks, as the 
Lobster’s. Besides 
these, there are three 
simple eyes, called 
. ocelli . The mouth 
may be fitted for bit¬ 
ing ( masticatory ), as 
in Beetles, or for suck¬ 
ing ( suctorial ), as in 
Butterflies. The mas¬ 
ticatory type, which 
is the more complete, 
and ofwhich the other 
is but a modification, 
consists of four horny 
jaws (mandibles and 
maxillae) and an up¬ 
per and an under lip 
(labrum and labium). 
Sensitive palpi ( max¬ 
illary and labial) are 
developed from the 
lower jaw and lower 
lip. The labium is 
also prolonged into a 
ligula , or tongue. 
The legs are invari¬ 
ably six in the adult, 
the fore-legs direct¬ 
ed forward and the 
hinder pairs back¬ 
ward. Each consists 
of a hip, thigh, shank, 
and foot. 168 Some larvae have also “ false legs,” without 
Fig. 262.—Under surface of a Beetle (Harpalus cali- 
ginosu8): a, ligula; b, paraglossae; c, supports of 
labial palpi; d, labial palpus; e, mentum; /, in¬ 
ner lobe of maxilla; g, outer lobe; h, maxillary 
palpus; i, mandible; k, buccal opening; l , gula, 
or throat: m, buccal sutures; n, gular suture; o, 
prosternum; p , episternum of prothorax; p r , epi- 
meron; q , q\ q ", coxae; r, r, r, trochanters ; #, 
b s", femora, or thighs; t, t\ t", tibae; v, ventral 
abdominal segments; w, episternaof mesothorax; 
me 80 sternum; y , episterna of metathorax; y\ 
epimeron; z, metasternum. 
