VERTEBRATA. 
351 
broad, shallow hoofs, and also with a thick, tegumentary 
pad. The knee is below and free from the body, as in 
Monkeys and Men. Clavicles are wanting. The body of 
the Elephant is nearly naked; but the Mammoth, an ex¬ 
tinct species, had a covering of long woolly hair. Ele¬ 
phants live in large herds, and subsist on foliage and grass. 
There are but two living species: the Asiatic, with long 
head, concave forehead, small ears, and short tusks; and 
the African, with round head, convex forehead, large ears, 
and long tusks. 177 
10. Ungulata , or Hoofed Quadrupeds.—This large or¬ 
der, comprehending many animals most useful to Man, is 
distinguished by four well-developed limbs, each furnished 
with not more than four complete toes, and each toe in¬ 
cased in a hoof. The leg, therefore, has no prehensile 
power; it is only for support and locomotion. Clavicles 
are wanting; and the radius and ulna are so united as to 
prevent rotation. There are always two sets of teeth, i. e. 9 
milk-teeth are succeeded by a permanent set. The grind¬ 
ers have broad crowns. As a rule, all are herbivorous. 
The brain is always convoluted, but the cerebellum is 
largely uncovered. 
Ungulates are divided into the odd and even toed. a. 
The Odd-toed , as the three-toed Rhinoceros and Tapir, 178 
and the one-toed Horse. 179 The first is distinguished by 
its very thick skin, the absence of canines, and one or two 
horns on the nose. The Tapir has the four kinds of teeth, 
and a short proboscis. The dental formula of the Horse 
is— 
c 1 ~ 1 1 vm 3 ~ 3 , m 3 ~_ — 40. 
1 — l’ ^ 3 — 3 3 — 3 
The canines are often wanting in the mare. The Horse 
walks on the third finger and toe. The metacarpals and 
metatarsals are greatly elongated, so that the wrist and 
heel are raised to the middle of the leg. b. The Even-toed 
