NOTES. 
1 The complete and elaborate natural history of a single species or limited 
group is called a Monograph , as Darwin’s “Monograph of the Cirripedia.” 
A Memoir is not so formal or exhaustive, giving mainly original investiga¬ 
tions of a special subject, as Owen’s “ Memoir on the Gorilla.” 
4 Before the time of Linnaeus, the Lady-bug, e. g ., was called “the Cocci- 
nella with red coleopters having seven black spots.” He called it Coccinella 
septem-punctata. 
3 Mandino (1315) and Berenger (1518), of Bologna, and Vesalius, of Brus¬ 
sels (1550), were the first anatomists. Circulation of the blood discovered 
by Harvey, 1616. The lacteals discovered by Aserlus, 1622, and the lym¬ 
phatics by Rudbek, 1650. Willis made the first minute anatomy of the brain 
and nerves, 1664. The red blood-corpuscles were discovered by Leeuwen¬ 
hoek and Malpighi, 1675. Infusoria first observed by Leeuwenhoek, 1675; 
the name given by Muller, 1786. Swammerdam was the founder of Ento¬ 
mology, 1675. Comparative anatomy was first cultivated by Perrault, Pec¬ 
quet, Duverney, and Mery, of the Academy ot Paris, the latter part of the 
seventeenth century. Malpighi, the founder of structural anatomy, was the 
first to demonstrate the structure of the lungs and skin, 1690. About the 
same time, Ray and Willoughby first classified Fishes on structural grounds. 
Foraminifers were seen by Beccarius one hundred and fifty years ago; but 
their true structure was not demonstrated till 1835, by Dujardin. Peyssonel 
published the first elaborate treatise on Corals, 1727. Haller was the first to 
distinguish between contractility and sensibility, 1757. White blood-corpus¬ 
cles discovered by Hewson in 1775. Spallanzani was the first to demonstrate 
the true nature of the digestive process, 1780. Cuvier and Geoffroy, in 1797, 
proposed the first natural classification of animals. Before that, all Inverte¬ 
brates were divided into Insects and Worms. Lamarck was the first to study 
Mollusks, 1800; before him, attention was confined to the shell. He sepa¬ 
rated Spiders from Insects in 1812. The law of correlation enunciated by 
Cuvier, 1826. Yon Baer was the founder of Embryology, establishing the 
doctrine omnia ex ovo , 1827; but the first researches in Reproduction were 
made by Fabricius about 1600, and by Harvey in 1651. Wolff, in the last 
century, was the pioneer in observing the phenomena of Development. Sars 
first observed alternate generation, 1833. Dumeril is considered the father 
of Herpetology, and Owen of Odontology. Schleiden and Schwann pub¬ 
lished their celebrated researches in cell-structure, 1841; but Bichat, who 
died 1802, was the founder of Histology. Protoplasm was discovered by 
Dujardin in 1835, and called Sarcode. 
