FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 
7 
in connecting it up with another genus Carthartocarpus, avoided 
binomial duplication by interjecting Linne parenthetically between 
his name and the specific name Fistula. 
The names of families are designated by the name of one of their 
principal genera or ancient generic names with the ending aceae, e.g., 
Ranunculaceae from Ranunculus, Malvaceae from Malva, etc. The 
following names, because of long usage, are exceptions to the rule: 
Palmae, Gramineae,Guttiferae, Umbelliferae , Labiatae, and Compositae. 
Orders are generally designated by the name of one of their prin¬ 
cipal families, with the ending ales, e.g., Rhamnales from Rhamnaceae , 
Rosales from Rosaceae. Suborders are likewise designated, but with 
the ending—ineae, e.g., Malvineae from Malvaceae. Other older 
endings may, however, be retained for these names providing they 
do not lead to confusion or error. 
Names of classes, subclasses, divisions and subdivisions are desig¬ 
nated from one of their characters by words of Latin or Greek origin, 
some similarity of form and ending being given to those that desig¬ 
nate groups of the same nature, as Monocotyledoneae, Dicotyle- 
doneae; Archichlamydeae, Metachlamydeae; Thallophyta, Sperma- 
tophyta; Gymnospermae; Angiospermae. 
In the case of Cryptogams the use of old family names as Algae, 
Fungi, Lichens, Musci, etc. is permissible for designating groups 
above the rank of family. 
THE MICROSCOPE 
A microscope is an optical instrument, consisting of a lens, or 
combination of lenses, for making an enlarged image of an object 
which is too minute to be viewed by the naked eye. 
Microscopes are of two kinds, viz.: simple and compound. 
THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE 
This consists simply of a convex lens or several combined into a 
system and appropriately mounted. A good example of a simple 
microscope is a reading glass. This type of simple microscope is 
valuable in field work, in the examination of dried herbarium ma¬ 
terial or the external characters of crude drugs, where only a low 
magnification of the object is required. 
