182 
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
A Regular Flower possesses parts of each whorl of the same shape 
and size, as the flower of Veratrum. 
It is Symmetrical when the parts of each whorl are of the same 
number, or multiples of the same number. 
An Imperfect Flower shows one set of essential organs wanting. 
When either petals or sepals, or both, are present in more than the 
usual number, the flower is said to be “double,” as the cultivated 
Pig. 93. —Diagrams of floral structures. A, Shows the relations of the floral 
parts in a hypogynous flower; B, the same in a perigynous flower; C, the same 
in an epigynous flower; D, a stamen; E, a simple pistil in longitudinal section; 
F, the same in cross-section; G, transitional forms between true petals (left) and 
true stamens (right); H, slight union of two carpels to form a compound pistil; 
I and J, union of carpels more complete; K and L, cross-sections of compound 
pistils, oijthree carpels. In B: a, stamen; b, petal; c, sepal; d, pistil; e, receptacle; 
/, pedicel. In D: a, anther cell; b, connective; c, filament. In £: o, stigma; 
b, style; c, ovules; d, ovary. (From Hamaker.) 
Rose and Carnation. The doubling of flowers is brought about 
through cultivation and is due either to the transformation of sta¬ 
mens (as in cases cited), and occasionally of carpels into petals, to a 
division of the petals, or to the formation of a new series of petals. 
If the pistils are present and stamens wanting, the flower is called 
pistillate, or female; if it possesses stamens but no pistil, it is described 
as staminate, or male; if both are absent, neutral, as marginal flow¬ 
ers of Viburnum. Some plants, as the Begonias and Castor oil, bear 
both staminate and pistillate flowers, and are called Monoecious. 
