204 
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
sule either entirely or forming a hinged lid, as in Hyoscyamus, or 
detached. 
Dehiscence is called porous or apical when the seeds escape through 
pores at the apex, as in the Poppy; valvular, when valve-like orifices 
form in the wall of the capsule. Valvular dehiscence is septicidal, 
when the constituent carpels of a pericarp become disjoined, and 
then open along their ventral suture. Example: Colchicum; loculi- 
cidal, dehiscence into loculi, or cells, in which each component carpel 
splits down its dorsal suture, and the dissepiments remain intact. 
Example: Cardamon; septifragal dehiscence, a breaking away of the 
valves from the septa or partitions. Example: Orchids (Fig. 98). 
Classification of Fruits (according to structure).— Simple fruits 
result from the ripening of a single pistil in a flower. 
Aggregate fruits are the product of all the carpel ripenings in one 
flower, the cluster of carpels being crowded on the ripened receptacle 
forming one mass, as in the Raspberry, Blackberry, and Strawberry. 
Multiple fruits are those which are the product of the ripening 
of a flower cluster instead of a single flower. 
Simple and Compound fruits are either Dry or Fleshy. The first 
may be divided into Dehiscent, those which split open when ripe; 
and Indehiscent, those which do not. 
Simple Fruits: 
Dry 
Succulent 
I. Capsular (dehiscing). 
II. Schizocarpic (splitting). 
III. Achenial (indehiscent). 
IV. Baccate (berries). 
V. Drupaceous (stone fruits). 
The capsular fruits include all of those, whether formed of one 
or more carpels, which burst open to let their seeds escape. 
Schizocarpic or splitting fruits are those in which each carpel or 
each half carpel (in Labiatae) splits asunder from its neighbor and 
then falls to the ground. The split portion is one-seeded. 
Achenial fruits are dry, one-celled, one-seeded and indehiscent 
at the time of final ripening. 
Baccate fruits are such in which the endocarp always and the 
mesocarp usually becomes succulent and so the seeds lie in the pulp 
formed by the endocarp or endocarp and mesocarp combined. 
