294 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
I. Order Coniferales. —Trees with a single upright stem which 
develops side branches that spread out horizontally and taper to a 
point at the summit, giving the crown of the tree the appearance of 
a huge cone, rarely shrubs. 
Pinacece (Conifer ce) or Pine Family .—Trees or shrubs with resin¬ 
ous juice whose wood is characterized by being composed largely of 
tracheids with bordered pits. Leaves entire, awl- or needle-shaped 
frequently fascicled, exstipulate, usually evergreen. Flowers, 
monoecious or rarely dioecious, achlamydeous, in cones. Staminate 
JL' lAr. IU 1 * liiliVltowuuvo Vi i»ixv yxxiVf jl , x v* iiiijuioi i/W 15, x, uvuiauv vuug, J t 
staminate cone; 4, two-year-old cone. ( Hamaker .) 
cone of a large number of microsporophylls (stamens) closely packed 
together and arranged spirally around a central axis, each stamen 
bearing usually two pollen sacs. Carpellate cone composed of 
spirally arranged scales, each of which bears a pair of naked ovules 
(megasori) near the base of its upper face, or, ovules springing from a 
cupuliform disc. Fruit a cone with woody or fleshy scales- (Pinus, 
Thuja , Abies, Picea, etc.), a galbalus (Juniperus) or a drupe com¬ 
posed of the thickened and fleshy disc surrounding an erect seed. 
( Taxus ). Seeds albuminous. Embryo with two ot more cotyledons. 
