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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
a bony nut-shell and a four-lobed seed. It embraces five genera, 
of which Carya (Hicoria) and Juglans are represented in the United 
States, and about 35 species. 
Official drug Part used Botanical name Habitat 
Juglans N. F. Inner root bark Juglans cinerea United States 
Betulacece or Birch Family. —A family of aromatic trees or shrubs 
distinguished by monoecious flowers with scaly bracts and astringent 
resinous bark. Differs from Fagacece by superior ovary and absence 
of cupule. To this family belong the hazelnuts, birches, alders, the 
ironwood, and the hornbean. 
Official drug Part used Botanical name Habitat 
- (Oleum Betulae) Volatile oil Betula lenta North America 
Methylis salicylas 
V. Order Fagales.— Fagacece or Beech Family ( Cupuliferce ).— 
Beeches, Chestnuts, Oaks, the trees of this family are found in the 
temperate forests of the eastern and western hemispheres and com¬ 
prise about 368 species. North America has over 50 species of oaks; 
2 species of Chestnuts; 1 species of beech and 1 species of golden¬ 
leaved chestnut. The most important American oaks used for 
building, for furniture, for cooperage, for wagons, for tanning leather 
etc. are white oak, Quercus alba; chestnut oak, Q. prinus, black oak, 
Q. velutina ; live oak, Q. virginiana; swamp white oak, Q. platanoides ; 
cow oak, Q. Michauxii, and the two Pacific coast oaks, Q. chyrso- 
lepis and post oak, Q. garryana. The uses of the fast disappearing 
Chestnut, Castanea dentata, are well known. The wood of the beech, 
Fagus grandifolia, is used for chairs, tool handles, plane stocks, shoe 
lasts and for fuel. The nuts (mast) fatten hogs and feed wild ani¬ 
mals and birds. The cork of commerce is obtained from the bark of 
Quercus Suber and Quercus occidentalis, plants indigenous to Spain 
and France. 
The above trees are all monoecious, that is the staminate (male) 
and pistillate (female) flowers are distinct from each other, but borne 
on the same tree. Most of the species are trees, a few oaks are 
shrubs. The leaves are simple, netted-veined and alternate. A 
pair of deciduous stipules are found at the base of the leaf-stalk 
