398 
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
V. Order Rubiales. — Rubiacece or Madder Family. —Herbs 
(< Galium, Mitchella , etc.), shrubs ( Cephalanthus , etc.), or trees ( Cin¬ 
chona species) with fibrous roots, sometimes, as in Cephaelis Ipecacu¬ 
anha, annularly enlarged. Roots, stems and to a less extent leaves 
rich in varied alkaloids, some of medicinal value. Leaves opposite, * 
entire, stipulate and interpetiolate. Inflorescence a raceme of 
dichesial cymes occasionally condensing to scorpioids. Flowers 
perfect, often dimorphic, pentamerous or tetramerous; sepals five 
{Cinchona, etc.) but four in Galium , small, green, subtended With 
other flowers by one or two or more enlarged petaloid bracts; petals 
five {Cinchona, etc.) to four in Galium, stellate, varying from shallow 
rotate to elongate tubular or funnel-shaped with stellate limbs; 
stamens five to four, epipetalous; pistil nearly always bicarpellate, 
rarely of five to four carpels; ovary inferior, two-celled with central 
placentation; styles either distinct with knob-shaped stigmas or style 
elongate, filiform, ending in bilobed stigmas. Fruit varied, a capsule 
in Cinchona, a berry in Cofee, a drupe, or frequently, as in Galium, 
dry and splitting into nutlets; seeds albuminous, each with a curved 
embryo. 
Official drug 
Part used Botanical origin 
Habitat 
Caffeina 
Feebly basic 
Coffea arabica 
Eastern Africa 
principle 
Cinchona Ledgeri- 
ana, C. Calisaya 
Cinchona 
Bark < 
and hybrids of 
these with other 
’ South America 
. Cinchona species 
Official drug 
Part used 
Botanical origin 
Habitat 
Cinchona Rubra Bark { } South America 
Coffea .Tort. N.F. Roasted seeds { } Eastern Afri£a 
Gambir 
Prepared ex¬ 
tract from de¬ 
coctions of leaves 
and twigs 
Ourouparia Gambir East Indies 
Ipecacuanha Root 
Cephaelis 
Ipecacuanha 
Cephaelis acuminata 
Brazil 
United States of 
Columbia 
