ARTIFICIAL MANURES IN THE GARDEN. 
469 
Jerusalem Artichoke, too, is now wild in some places. Potatos are 
grown in enormous quantities near here, and Naini Tal and the 
Kumaon district supply the greater part of the North-West 
Provinces with this article, and although the variety is not first- 
class the Potatos are very good eating. I wonder some attempt 
is not made to introduce a better variety. They sell generally 
at 8.8 rupees per maund of 80 lb. (or about 4s. 6d.). 
Since writing the above I have spent a Christmas at Naini 
Tal, collecting ornithological and other specimens. One day I 
came across masses of Ccelogyne cristata at an elevation of about 
3,000 feet. The ground was covered with frost at noon, the 
branches of the evergreen oaks covered with Ccelogyne—rather 
a cold place. It shows how hardy the plant is. 
ARTIFICIAL MANURES IN THE GARDEN. 
By Mr. A. D. Hall, F.R.H.S. 
[Read Nov. 22, 1898.] 
The use of artificial manures in gardens is rapidly increasing, if 
one may judge from the number of advertisements, and the new 
firms that are taking to the business ; and the object of the present 
paper is to discuss the principles that should regulate their effec¬ 
tive and economical employment. It may of course be argued that 
of all places artificial manures are least wanted in a garden, 
inasmuch as practically perfect fruit and vegetables are grown 
by good cultivation with dung alone. The only question is 
whether the same results cannot be attained more economically 
by the assistance of artificial manures, which, again, can be used 
to meet certain special difficulties of soil and situation in a 
manner that would otherwise be impossible. It must not be 
forgotten that artificial manures are powerful tools by which the 
development of the plant may be shaped by the gardener along 
certain directions ; but like all powerful tools they require to be 
used with knowledge and discretion, or they will do as much 
harm as they can be made to do good; and of the large 
quantities of artificial manures now used by gardeners it can 
hardly be said that they are, as a rule, bought with due economy. 
In the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. xxi., 
