TT 
he United States Geological Survey is making a standa 
►graphic atla9 of die United States. This work has been, 
[rress since 1882, and its results consist of published maos 
than 42 per cent of the country, exclusive of outlyii 
sessions. I 
[hi-s topographic atlas is published.in the form of mapm 
| o measuring about 16 v by 20 inches. Under the genei 
adopted the country ls divided into quadrangles bound) 
[parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. The 
jdrnngles are mapped on different scales, the scale select) 
each map being that which is best adapted to general use j 
development ot the country, and consequently, though tl 
idard maps are of nearly uniform size, they represent are; 
lifferent sizes. On the lower margin of each map are print) 
phie scales showing distances in feet, meters, and miles. 1 
jition, the scale of the map is shown by a fraction express'd 
:ed ratio between linear measurements on the map and co 
•ending distances on the ground. For example, the sea 
means that 1 unit on the map (such as 1 inch, 1 foot, or 
je; represents 62,500 similar units on the earth’s surface. 
Although some areas are surveyed and some maps are con 
fd and published on special scales for special purposes, tl 
idard topographic surveys for the United States proper an 
resulting maps have for many years been divided into thre 
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’ ‘Hoxoama arux 
* * 1 *■ Soi \ % i * 04 possoappe 
Ijioqs pun (sduiB^s oSmsod 4ou) xapxo Aauota xo hj'cxp hpeo 
JiraudmoouB aq ppioqs soqoj jo sdem xoj suopnoqddy 
■ ■ J> ' ' ‘ qsanbax no 4aas aq 
loqoj aqj Sarquosop XBjnaxta y *oipj atp jo azts aqa uo 
Jadap aoud atp ‘qoea atom ao sjnaa eg xoj pjos axe soqoj 
aS aqjQ ’aoud pretax atp pe axom xo <j§ 04 S a 1411110 ran 
joj xapxo nu no paMopa si 41100 xad Qf jo 4unoaetp y 
14.uaxaprp 413 pjos axe sdeiu [eioads auios £ qoea sjuao qj .icq 
iqo aq Aura sdem oiqdexSodoq pxepmqs aip jo aaidoQ 'aaxj 
iqo aq Aeiu AaAxng leorSojoa*) sa^ujg paqiujq aqq Aq paqsq 
3 onoj aiSojoaS pue sdem otqdexSodo 4 Aq paxaAoa seaxe aqj 
Iqs iiBMejj pun eqsiqy jo pue aqe4g qoea jo sdem xopuj 
I 'paqsqqnd uaaq aAeq soqoj 055 ueqi axoj\r ‘sa4U4g 
|T sq? jo sepy oiScqoafj aqp jo oqoj a raxoj 04 4x04 aAp 
Jap a q4iM .laqjaikq pnnoq axe saxnjBaj asaq4 SniAioqs sdeiu 
■me ‘pa4uasaxdax axa ajSuexpenb a jo saamosax [tuauim 
JSojoaS aqp qoiqAt uo asaq aq4 si dam oiqdax§odo4 aqj^ 
I r ‘paqsqq nd 
differentiated as follows: F IKaAaq 4 aaqs siq 4 jo apis xaipo aq 4 no auo aq 4 04 xeytims 
Surveys of areas in which there are problems of grej J° S(ilBra P UB ‘P^axus uaaq aAeq sa;e 4 g paqug) aqj 
die importance—relating, for example, to mineral develoj 00S‘8 J8A 0 ‘ W 5 !iqnd uaaq aAat| sdem pr o 
arc nvitlp vnf- — U 1 ftftffl nAfe. -ft -YftrV ' h.Aig— ruwmi. ? a.l-B Tvrm a.Tl, 
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Rwmn q rtivi a. 
ing spurs separated by ravines. The spurs are truneatj 
their lower ends by a sea cliff. The hill at the left term! 
abruptly at the valley iu a steep scarp, from which it s 
gradually away and forms an inclined table-land that is 
ersed by a few shallow gullies. On the map each of 
features is represented, directly beneath its position it 
sketch, by contour lines. 
The contour interval, or the vertical distance in feet bel 
one contour and the next, is stated at the bottom of each 
This interval differs according to the topography of the! 
mapped: in a flat country it may be as small as 1 foot;) 
mountainous region it may be as great as 250 feet. C 
Jontour hues, every fourth or fifth one, are made heavier 
die others and are accompanied by figures showing altil 
The heights of many points—such as road cornel's, suml 
airfares of lakes, and bench marks—are also given on thef 
jn figures, which show altitudes to the nearest foot only, 
jxact altitudes—those of bench marks—as w r ell as the gee 
•oon.ii nates of triangulation stations, are published in 1ml j 
ssued by the Geological Survey. 
Lettering and the works of man are shown in black. B( 
tries, such as those of a State, county, city, land grant, 
hip, or reservation, are shown by continuous or broken 
*f different kinds and weights. Good motor or public 
re shown by fine double lines, poor motor or private roar] 
lashed double lines, trails by dashed single lines. 
(Each quadrangle is designated by the name of a city, 
.. j 
