1172 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts , and Letters. 
Meves (32) has further described and figured in the divisions 
of the spermatocytes of Pygaera bucephala , one of the Lepidop- 
tera, a system of astral rays about a center at either pole of the 
spindle, a number of which extend into the pseudopodia which 
arise from the surface of the cell at this stage. Running out 
from each of the centers, are also two cilia in the primary 
spermatocyte and one in the secondary spermatocyte, which are 
plainly nothing but thicker and longer rays of the polar asters. 
At the close of the second division the radial pseudopodia with 
the exception of one disappear. This one contains the axile 
thread of the future sperm, which again is not to be distin¬ 
guished from the cilia and astral rays. The axile thread ex¬ 
tends beyond the tip of the pseudopod for some distance. Meves 
himself regards cilia and rays alike as for the most part out¬ 
growths from the centers. 
The details of the process of ascospore formation as described 
by Harper (23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28) and in the papers of Gruil- 
liermond, (20) Maire (30), and Faull (13), dealing with this 
subject, have been recently summarized by Sands (37) and 
others. 
Berlese (3) figures a beaked nucleus attached to the plasma- 
membrane of the spore of Wuber brumale and agrees with 
Harper as to the general method of spore formation. 
Sands (37) describes the bending backward of the astral rays 
of the third division figure and their fusion to form the plasma 
membrane of the spore very much as described by Harper (25). 
She criticizes Faulks interpretation of certain of his own figures 
and suggests that those with the beaked nucleus with its aster 
within the plasma membrane of the spore, which Faull (13) re¬ 
gards as conclusive evidence that the rays take no part in form¬ 
ing the spore membrane, may be explained as polar views of 
spore formation by astral rays. 
Fraser (15, 16), as a result of her observations of spore for¬ 
mation in Humaria rutilans, Peziza vesiculosa , and Otidea 
aurantia , holds to the view that the spore is delimited by astral 
rays. These rays, she maintains, are not of the nature of cilia 
as suggested by Harper (25) but are currents set up in the 
neighborhood of the centrosome as it pushes into the dense cyto- 
