Lutman—Life History and Cytology of the Smuts. 1213 
Many of these cells are so long that it is not possible to follow 
them to their ends but in the shorter ones (Fig. 43) that can be 
traced there are two nuclei. Whether the cells are all regu¬ 
larity binucleated cannot be decided with certainty but there is 
certainly a great tendency toward the binucleated condition. 
This fungus has small haustoria by which it holds itself in 
place in the intercellular spaces and gets material from the host- 
cells. Sometimes two or three of these can be seen in a single 
section making their way into a single cell (Fig. 44). They 
are very small in proportion to the size of the host cell. Their 
form is unlike that of the haustoria of the rusts and mildews as 
they branch repeatedly as soon as inside the wall (Fig. 45) ; 
the branches are very short and give the haustorium the ap¬ 
pearance of a bunch of grapes hanging down in the cell. On ac¬ 
count of their small size it is impossible to differentiate their 
nuclei. 
Urocystis Anemones (Pers.) Wint. 
This species occurs every spring in great abundance on all the 
aerial parts of Hepatica acutiloba. In the young stages of 
spore-formation the pustules are observable as white spots on the 
leaves or petioles. The smut from the petioles was found better 
for the study of the mycelium as the hyphal cells are compelled 
to run parallel to elongated host cells and can be traced more 
readily. Parts of the stem and leaves showing the white 
blotches of the smut were fixed in Flemming’s weaker solution, 
and stained in the triple stain. 
At the time when the white pustules appear, the smut is al¬ 
ready far advanced, and many of the hyphae are beginning to 
form spores. At first it seems impossible to make anything out 
of the tangle but by carefully selecting a place where they are 
not so dense and where the filaments are forced to run parallel 
to the host cells it can be seen that the cells are binucleated (Fig. 
21). Whether this is true of all is impossible to say but cer¬ 
tainly the majority of the hyphal cells show two nuclei closely 
associated and frequently the end walls of the cells can be made 
out. While there is great variation in the size and length of 
