52 
MR. W. K. PARKER ON THE STRUCTURE AND 
strongly back to keep to the margin of this passage as the hinder half of its natural 
skeleton. 
The quadrate region of the suspensorimn {<].) is not ossified by the “ quadrato-jugal ’ 
(q.j. )—shaped like a Serpent’s tooth ; the saddle-shaped condyle ( q.c .) is very large, but 
does not reach to the extreme angle of the suspensorium (figs. 7 and 8). 
The “ annulus,” like the Eustachian passage, is small, the band itself is wide (fig. 6, 
ct.ty .), and it is a perfect ring; the whole tympano-Eustachian cavity is small, but the 
columella and stapes (fig. 10) are of the average size; the latter (st.) is almost a long 
triangle, but the posterior and inferior edges are rounded : the anterior margin is con¬ 
cave, fitting into the inter-stapedial. 
This latter part ( i.st.) has a deep saddle-shaped condyle for the stapes ; it is unossified. 
The medio-stapedial (rn.st.) is nearly all ossified; it is gently arched, and not much 
expanded where it articulates with the inter-stapedial. 
The extra-stapedial (e.st.) is very large, elegantly heart-shaped, peltate in arrange¬ 
ment—its cartilaginous “ handle ” passing from the medio-stapedial bone into the inner 
face of the main plate obliquely; and it covers half the concave, wide “ annulus.” 
There is no supra-stapedial band—a part which is seen even in the peltate extra- 
stapedial of Bufo vulgaris (Phil. Trans., 1876, Plate 54, figs. 7 and 8); but here we 
have, suddenly, as it were, the columella of Pipa and Dactylethra over again, with the 
difference of a short and soft inter-stapedial (Phil. Trans., 1876, Plates 59 and 62). 
The extra-stapedial part is mostly orbicular in the Oriental Ranee, but not large. 
The mandible (fig. 8) is normal, with the exception of the fore part of the dentary 
(cl.) ; the crest which grows up from that bone in front in other species is here a high 
strong spur—an imitation, in bone, of a large canine tooth: in old age (according to 
Dr. Gunther) it becomes capped with tooth-substance. It “cuts the gum” early, 
and soon dents the side of the palate, which becomes hollow to receive it. Moreover, 
the bones all round this excavated part are greatly modified; this is partially seen 
on one side hi R. hexaclactyla (fig. 2), with its much smaller dentary crest.* 
Where the palatine plates of the premaxillaries and maxillaries meet (fig. 7, p>x.,mx.), 
their processes project far inwards; this is to leave room for the socket of the quasi- 
canine ; the hole is bordered on the outside by the dentary edges of these bones at 
their j unction. 
Not only so. Where they meet on the outside (fig. 8), there they rise high at their 
junction, and leave an angular space or gap in the toothed margin of the fore face. 
There are no septo-maxillaries; both the quadrato-jugal (q.j. ) finishing the cheek, 
and the squamosal (sq.), in the temporal region, are very strong and elegant bones, but 
the latter is very remarkable, even for a Frog. The bone seen from above (fig. 6, sq.) 
is a sickle, its rough notched handle lying on the tegmen tympani; running obliquely 
* Dr. Gunther looks upon tins quasi-canine as a special thing—a tendency, so to speak, to produce a 
tooth, here ; my own mind leans to the opinion that it is not a rudiment, but a remnant; nearly all the 
Indian kinds show it more or less, and their Common Parent may have had large genuine teeth in the front. 
