DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKULL IN THE BATKACHIA. 
85 
In the rounded angle between these two forks we see the large, oval, oblique, 
Eustachian opening ( eu .); this is enclosed behind, by the geniculate stylo-hyal ( st.h.). 
The suspensorium forms a very obtuse angle with the axis of the skull, and its 
condyle reaches to a transverse line that cuts the neck of the occipital condyles. 
The hinge (q.c.) is a bilobate condyle, the inner lobe being the larger; the substance 
of the cartilage above the condyle is ossified as a quadrate bone, by the engrafting on 
it of the “ quadrato-jugal ” (q.j.). 
A tract of cartilage can be seen outside the pterygoid (fig. 3, pg\ and this may be 
traced into the pedicle, and to the borroived quadrate centre. 
The backward position of the suspensorium is the cause of the very tilted position of 
the squamosal (fig. 3, sq.), the lower part of which, partly hidden by the ear-drum, runs 
backwards as well as downwards; the supratemporal part (fig. 3, sq.) is very long and 
sigmoid, for it sends forwards a sharp out-bent postorbital process. 
The premaxillaries ( px .) are large and well formed, having a well-defined dentary 
margin, a triangular palatine process, and a high nasal process, capped, inside, by the 
inner upper labial. 
The dentary edge of the face is finished by the maxillary, the teeth ending 
opposite the Eustachian tubes, and the bone opposite the middle of the auditory 
capsules. 
There are small “ septo-maxillaries (s.mx.),” and the maxillaries (mx. ), notched in 
front, run well up to the premaxillaries and the nasals ; the jugal part is high. 
The quadrato-jugals ( q.j .) are short, high, and are grafted upon the quadrate region 
of the suspensorium, as aforementioned. 
The cartilaginous mandible is placed obliquely in its “articular” trough (ar.), that 
bone lying mainly below, and on the inside ; the dentary ( d .) has formed a “ mento- 
Meckelian” bone (fig. 3, m.mJc.), by ossification of the end of the rod ; once the free 
inferior labial! 
The stapes (Plate 10, fig. 4, st.) is thick and reniform; for the antero-superior 
edge is sinuous to admit of the large dorsal part of the “ columella,” between it and 
the capsule. 
The inter-stapedial end of the columella is thin and clawed below; the upper part is 
large and blunt; by these it holds the stapes, as it were. 
The “ medio-stapedial ” bone ( m.st .) is dilated where it runs into these spurs, and 
then runs as a straight rod up to the extra-stapedial (e.st.). This latter part is at first 
no thicker than the end of the bone from which it arises; it turns downwards, and 
soon enlarges into a tranversely oval disc. 
There is no “ supra-stapedial,” even as a membranous band, and the interstapedial 
also not being segmented off, this columella is much below the normal condition. 
The “annulus tympanicus ” ( a.ty .) is large, and its horns nearly meet above. 
The stylo-hyal end of the cerato-hyal band (st.h.) has coalesced with the auditory 
capsule, a moderate space from the front of the fenestra ovalis; it then turns directly 
