152 
MR, W. K. PARKER ON THE STRUCTURE AND 
quadrate, with its condyle (q.c.) runs downwards and outwards to a considerable 
distance; backwards, it only reaches to the fore end of the stapes (st.) ; above the 
condyle the quadrato-jugal (q.j.) has spread into the cartilage, ossifying it. 
The Eustachian openings (eu.) are large and oval; they are turned forwards; the 
annulus ( a.ty.) is large and perfect; the stylo-hyal ( st.h.) is confluent above. The 
stapes (fig. 4, st.) is large, convexo-concave, oval, and emarginate in front; the inter- 
stapedial (i.st.) is a thick mass, ossified largely, and joined by a suture to the medio- 
stapedial ( m.st .), which is a straight rod. The extra-stapedial (e.st.) is a wide 
spatula, and its ascending fork (s.st.) is cartilaginous and confluent above. 
The mandible (fig. 3) is perfectly normal, and the mento-Meckelian ( m.mk .) is well 
ossified. The coronoid crest of the artiteulare (ar. ) is moderate, and the condyle is 
sub-reniform. The hyo-branchial apparatus is normal, but its actual shape is much 
like that of the next ( Rappia, fig. 8); the hypo-hyal lobe is small, and the cerato- 
hyal broad (< h.liy., c.hy.) ; the semi-oval notch in front is short, the front lateral lobe 
very large and separated by a small space from the hind lobe ; the basal plate (b.h.br.) 
is both long and broad, as compared with that of other kinds, and the thyro-hyals 
(t.hy.) are long and slender. 
Altogether this part is exactly intermediate between what we find in the ordinary 
Oriental Polypedatidm, and in the next but one, a small Ethiopian type. 
The investing bones are such as would be found in a Common Frog’s skull of the 
same size and age. The fronto-parietals (ftp.) are more Ranine then in the last, being 
pointed above ; they would be more truncated in an old specimen. The nasals (n.) are 
better developed, and cover more of the nasal roof than in its congeners. The para- 
sphenoid ( pa.s.) is very large, both in the median and transverse parts; and the 
vomers ( v.) are well developed and dentigerous. I find no septo-maxiHaries; the 
marginal splints ( px., mx ., q.j., sq.) are feeble but normal. An intermediate place 
between Hylarana temporalis and the West African Rappia is asked for this species : 
we shall see this in the two next instances. Compared with the tyjoe, we have some 
curious discrepancies 
1. The great size, both length and breadth, of the orbital region. 
2. The intense ossification of the occipito-auditory region. 
3. A well-marked endosteal supraoccipital bone. 
4. No septo-maxillaries. 
5. The confluent condition of the apices of the stylo-hyal and supra-stapedial. 
6. The intense ossification of the inter-stapedial. 
7. The large size and close contiguity of the lateral lobes of the basi-hyobranchial 
plate ; none of these are deep-seated differences. 
40. Hylarana temporalis. —Adult male ; 2^ inches long. Ceylon. 
Dr. Gunther (“ Kept, of Brit. Inch,” p. 427) gives his reasons for believing this 
insular species, which at that date (1864) he had received from Ceylon only, to be 
