154 
ME. W. K. PARKER ON THE STRUCTURE AND 
in the maxillaries), and the new “horns” or pro-rhinals (jp.rh.) that have budded 
from their infero-medial face, is clearly seen. 
The broad snout is gently emarginate in front, and the nostrils (e.n.) look outwards 
and forwards : they are wide apart, and are protected by the normal valves (u.V.u l~.). 
The large circular inner nostrils ( i.n .) are still wide apart, not much nearer together 
than in the more flat-headed “ Polypedatidae.” 
The palato-suspensorial arches are perfectly normal, but slender ; their bones (pa., py.) 
partake of a like slenderness, and the well-retreatecT condyle of the quadrate (q.c.) 
is large. So also is the condyle of the pedicle (pd.) ; it is sub-convex; the other is 
deeply bilobate : above this hinge the suspensorium is ossified to some extent by the 
quadrato-jugal (q., q.j.). The Eustachian openings ( eu .) are large, oval, and look 
outwards and forwards. The annulus (a.ty.) is very large, broad, and perfect. 
The mandible (fig. 3) is long, slender, and normal; it has a rather high coronoid 
process to the articulare (ar.) ; the dentary (d. ) is half the length of the ramus, and 
rises into a crest behind the mento-Meckelian (■ mk .), as in the Oriental Ranee 
(Plates 6 and 7). 
The stapes (fig. 5, st.) is large, sub-oval, and has a boss for muscular attachment; 
the inter-stapedial (i.st.) is a large, thick, sub-oval cartilage ; the medio-stapedial (m.st.) 
is a short pistol-shaped bone, very large and expanded above ; the extra-stapedial (e.st.) 
is large and spatifiate; and the supra-stapediai (s.st.) is almost entirely fibrous. 
The hyo-branchial apparatus (fig. 4) is normal, but all the “ lobes ” are small and 
narrow. 
The investing bones are intermediate between those of a middle-sized Rana and a 
broad-headed member of its own Family ; both the roof-bones ( fp .) and the para- 
sphenoid ( pct.s .) reach further forwards than in its congeners. The nasals (n.) are 
angular, jagged shells, and leave a large cruciform tract of cartilage uncovered. 
The outer bones of the face are all slender ; there are no septo-maxillaries; and the 
quadrato-jugals (q.j.) are grafted upon the quadrate cartilage. The vomers (v.) are 
large, have a considerable dentigerous lobe, and the three other spikes are well 
developed. Compared with the “ norma,” this skull is— 
1. Remarkable for the breadth of the cranium proper; for the great length as 
well as breadth of the mid skull; and for the width of the fore skull, or nasal region. 
2. There are no septo-maxillaries. 
3. The superorbital “ eaves ” are large. 
4. The girdle-bone is imperfect. 
5. The stapes has a boss, and the stylo-hyal is confluent. 
6. The supra-stapediai is imperfect. 
These are all slight modifications, and on the whole this skull is extremely Ranine, 
and agrees especially with the Oriental Ranee in having a crest on the fore end of the 
dentary, and a large perfect annulus. 
