198 
MR. W. K. PARKER OK THE STRUCTURE AND 
3. They are ossified thoroughly, and the occiput, with its small condyles, is one 
with them. 
4. There is only one fontanelle. 
5. The ethmo-nasal region is as large as the cranio-auditory. 
6. There are distinct superorbitals, as well as the projecting “eave.” 
7. The palato-suspensorials are very wide and are curiously elbowed behind, have 
very solid condyles (of pedicle and quadrate); the latter is partly ossified. 
8. The annulus is very large, but its lobate front horn does not meet the lesser horn. 
9. The stapes is sub-quadrate and cupped externally. 
tO. The columella is composed of three segments, all sub-equal in length, with no 
supra-stapedial. 
f 1. The stylo-hyal is confluent with the pedicle of the mandibular pier. 
12. The basi-hyo-branchial plate is nearly void of lobes. 
13. The fronto-parietals are arrested, and leave the fontanelle bare. 
14. The vomers are multiradiate, are almost divided into two bones on each side, 
and are displaced forwards. 
These are most of the peculiarities; there are others, namely, the large optic 
fenestras; the dilated palatines ; the converging angles of the nasal floor, &c. ; but I 
have enumerated enough to show that we have here the Hyline type of skull in its 
utmost perfection, and at the greatest degree of divergence from the skull of an 
average typical Ground-frog. 
I. B. a. — Toothless “Anura.” Without digital disks. Oxydactyle Toads. 
First Family. “ Bufonida;.” 
Typical Toads, with parotoids, and processes of the sacral vertebrae dilated. Ear 
perfect; toes webbed ; skull generally strongly roofed ; an open fontanelle, excep¬ 
tionally, in Bufo calamita. 
First genus. Bufo. 
55. Bufo pantherinus.- —Adult female ; 4-j; inches long. Africa. 
The skull of this species (Plate 35, figs. 1-4) may be taken as typical of what is to 
be seen in this sub-division of the Anura; it is short, high, and coarsely strong in 
its bony outworks ; the length is only five-sixths of the breadth, and the zygomatic 
arches are very convex. The occipital condyles ( oc.c .) are rather small, postero-inferior, 
and are separated only by a narrow concave tract of cartilage, so that they might 
almost be described as one bilobate condyle. 
The quadrate condyles reach as far back as the hind edge of the fenestrse ovales, and 
the epiotic eminences are half way between the two pairs of hinges. An arcuate line 
