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MR, W. K. PARKER OK THE STRUCTURE AND 
The occipital condyles ( oc.c .) are small and postero-external; not so much outside as 
in Pipa, but very much more than usual. They look as much upwards as downwards. 
The space between them is equal to the width of both, and is almost straight; the 
arch over the foramen magnum lies some way forwards, is very wide and somewhat 
angular. The condyles, and the projection backwards, first by the posterior and then by 
the horizontal canals (fig. 1, ep. by mistake), form a series of three irregular rounded 
steps on each side, the outer steps passing, point by point, further forwards ; the 
outermost are a little in front of the superoccipital margin. 
The auditory capsules are of the normal size, but they are very far apart, owing to 
the great width of the hind skull, which is altogether bony, not only by the thorough 
ossification of the cartilage right and left, above and below, but also by anchylosis 
of the inner with the outer elements, viz.: the fronto-parietals and parasphenoid 
{Jp., pa.s.). 
The tegmen tympani (fig. 1, t.ty.) is broad in front and narrow behind, it is unossified ; 
but the “ canals ” are all enclosed in bone. Below (fig. 2) there is the cartilaginous facet 
for the small, very external “pedicle” ( pd.), and this tract just serves for union with 
the stylo-hyal ( st.h .). But the fenestra ovalis (fig. 3, vb.) is well rimmed with bone; 
and the floor of the hind skull is sinuously flat, with very little scooping in the ex- 
occipital region, right and left; the 9th and 10th nerves (IX., X.) have each their own 
passage, and this twin-hole is behind, rather than beneath, the arch. The facial and 
trifacial nerves (fig. 2, pr.o., V.) also pass through a twin passage; from that point to 
the optic opening (II.) and its cartilaginous ring the skull is pinched. From the optic 
hole, forwards, the skull widens steadily up to the “axils” of the ethmoid, where the 
bone is gently scooped. Above, the inner bone can be seen there, in front of the 
fronto-parietals, and behind and between the nasals ( n .), whose outlines can just be 
traced. The naked ethmo-septal bone is less than a third of the width of the roof; it 
projects in front a little, at the middle, and then the fore part, for about a third of the 
true nasal region, is unossified. 
Below (figs. 2 and 5), the bone reaches as far forwards, but it is triangular with ragged 
sides; the right and left angles pass into the palatines, which are thrown across, 
inwards and backwards, as strong buttresses from the skull to the cheek (eth., mx.). 
The broad hatchet-shaped palatine (pet.) has ossified all its own overlying cartilage, the 
arcuate blade of which passes outside, in the maxillary, along the edge of the internal 
nostril (i.n.) ; this passage is large, oval, and looks forwards and inwards. The broad 
muzzle is hollow at the end of the septum nasi, and swells, sinuously, to the outside. 
The bones of the upper jaw ( px ., mx., q.j.) form a most elegant semi-oval—a bent bow 
—which at its arch lies under the two-leaved tract of subnasal cartilage (s.n.l.), and then 
binds upon the endocranial bars at three places on each side, namely, on the palatines, 
pterygoids, and quadrates (pa., pg., q.c.). 
The outer nostrils (e.n.) are on the sides of the wide muzzle, and are twice the 
normal distance apart; they are well protected by the nasal roof ( ctl.n.) above, by the 
