PHYSIOLOGY OF PEPSIN-FORMING GLANDS. 
699 
inner portion, an addition of substance to the outer portion. In the inner portion, 
change of the granules into secretory constituents; in the outer portion, employment 
of the nutritive material for the formation of homogeneous substance, which on its 
part is changed into granular material. The appearance of the cell as a whole depends 
upon the relative rapidity with which these processes proceed. The first digestive 
period is characterised by a rapid using up in the inner portion and a rapid addition 
to the outer portion. In the second digestive period the most active changes proceed 
at the junction of the inner- and outer-zone, inasmuch as the substance of the latter is 
converted into the substance of the former.” 
Heidenhain* draws a just analogy between the changes which take place in the 
pancreas and those which take place in the gastric and in the serous and mucous 
glands; since we now knowt that in these latter the cells form granules to be used up 
in activity, the analogy is even closer than that drawn by Heidenhain. 
The changes described by Heidenhain as occurring in the gastric glands differ some¬ 
what from those which he describes as occurring in the pancreas. The differences 
mainly arise from his conclusions about the gastric glands having been made on alcohol 
hardened instead of on fresh specimens. Thus instead of speaking of the granules of 
the chief cells he speaks of the non-staining substance, and instead of the homogeneous 
protoplasm of the living cell he speaks of the cloudy or finely granular protoplasm 
which is seen in the cells of alcohol specimens. He says:| “ In the earlier secretory 
period the in-come is as a rule in excess of the out-go in the chief cells of the glands 
of the fundus, hence ensues an increase in the size of the cells. At the same time 
however there is an active formation of non-stainable substances (pepsinogen and pepsin) 
from the protoplasm, hence the cloudiness of the cells is for the time only slight. As 
digestion proceeds the out-go becomes gradually in excess of the in-come, hence the 
cells diminish in size; at the same time the change of the albuminous substance still 
continued to be taken up by the protoplasm goes on more slowly, hence the cells 
become more cloudy, richer in protoplasm, and more deeply stainable.” 
erste Verdauungsperiode charakterisirt sioh durch schnellen Verbrauch innen imd schnellen Ansatz aussen. 
In der zweiten Periode vollziehen sich die lebliaftesten Veriinderungen an der Grenze der Innen- und 
Anssenzone, indem die Substanz der letzteren sick in die Substanz der ersteren nmwandelfc.”— (Pfluger’s 
Arch., Bd. x., s. 569, 1875, and Hermann’s ‘ Handbucb d. Physiol.,’ Bd. v., s. 202, 1880.) 
* Hermann’s ‘ Handbucb,’ s. 147, 1880. 
t Journal of Physiol., vol. ii., p. 261, et seq ., 1879. 
+ “ Beim Beginne der Absonderung uberwiegt in den Hauptzellen der Fundusdriisen in der Regel die 
Aufnahme iiber die Abgabe, deshalb tritt Vergrosserung der Zellen ein. Gleichzeitig aber findet nocli 
lebhafte Bildung nicht farbbarer Substanzen (Pepsinogen und Pepsin) aus dem Protoplasma statt, deshalb 
wild die Triibung der Zelle vorlaufig eine nur geringe. Beim Fortgange der Verdauung wird allmahlich 
die Abgabe yorherrschend iiber die Aufnahme, deshalb schwellen die Zellen ab ; gleichzeitig geschicht die 
Umwandlung der immer noch yon dem Protoplasma aufgenommenen Albuminate langsamer, deshalb 
werden die Zellen triiber, protoplasmareicher, und starker farbbar.”— (Hermann’s ' Handbuch d. Physiol.,’ 
Bd. v., s. 146, 1880.) 
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