274 
GEOLOGY OF THE THIRD DISTRICT. 
road which leads to Chittenango. At most of the quarries and places the hopper cavities are 
also found, the most numerous at Bull’s quarry. 
On the Cowasolon creek, below the furnace, there is a sulphur spring, and two other quite 
copious ones on the creek near Chittenango; all which flow from the third deposit of the salt 
group. 
The Helderberg or Limestone range forms, with the Onondaga salt group, the high hill 
which projects north between Oneida creek and the east branch of the Cowasolon. The 
northern end shows the salt group, the higher rocks or limestone appearing going south. 
Where Oneida creek turns to the west, are the falls of the creek, showing an interesting sec¬ 
tion, the water flowing through an excavation in the Marcellus shales, and descending by the 
Seneca limestone, the Corniferous, Onondaga, Pentamerus limestone and the Water-lime 
group, over which latter are the highest falls. The layer with diagonal divisions or cracks 
exists there, and is burnt for lime : it is over six feet thick ; and under it is a layer of water- 
lime, between two and three feet thick. The Water-lime group is well exposed along the 
north side of the creek, for some distance; south, it is soon lost from the rise of the valley, 
and the abundance of soil which covers the side-hill. 
This is the last point to the west where the Pentamerus limestone and the Catskill shaly 
limestone were distinctly recognized, the whole thickness of the two within twenty feet. It 
is the first place going west, where the Seneca limestone with the St.rophomena lineata ap¬ 
pears ; and also the first point, moving in the same direction, where the impure black shaly 
limestone with goniatites, orthocerce, etc. is seen, which terminates the interrupted layers of 
the lower part of the Marcellus shales ; the thickness of the mass being about two and a half 
feet or more, usually divided into two layers. 
The Limestone range passes to the south and east of Siloam, curving towards Perryville ; 
to the east of which, under the Onondaga limestone, and forming a part of the Oriskany sand¬ 
stone, is the locality of arenaceous and jaspery iron ore. The limestone is exposed in the 
terrace to some extent; and shows, by the width of its vertical joints, that water had flowed 
over its surface : this locality is on the farm of Mr. Vannep. 
At Perryville there is a fine fall of water, the creek flowing over the Onondaga limestone, 
and falling from a height computed to be about one hundred and twenty feet, the gulf be¬ 
neath being excavated in the Water-lime group. Some of the layers of the Onondaga con¬ 
tain flint in nodules, which destroys its good qualities for lime and for masonry, other than 
rough or common work. 
The falls on Chittenango creek, usually known by the name of Cazenovia falls, are over 
the same series of rocks, showing also the corniferous which forms the sides of the creek at 
the top of the falls. The upper part of this rock is in solid layers, with its usual nodules of 
flint; under which there is about two and a half feet of thin shaly layers of an ash green 
color, similar to a mass at Auburn, which holds the same position, and which is part of the 
corniferous rock. Below this is the Onondaga, over which the water falls, containing flint 
towards its lower part. At the bottom of that rock there is about six inches of the Oriskany 
