Conklin—Preliminary Report on a Collection of Hepaticae. 987 
higher altitudes are numerous, hut they have not yet been 
visited. 
That these places will yield similar plants to those found in 
the Wisconsin swamps is reasonably certain. 
In contrast to the rocky north shore, the country adjacent 
to Superior, Wis., presents a more or less level plain, extending 
back from the south lake shore for twelve or fifteen miles. This 
plain or basin was once the bed of the lake. The soil is there¬ 
fore a deep clay deposit, which rises about thirty feet to the mile 
from the lake southward. This clay is cut by rivers, creeks and 
ravines for surface drainage, and was once heavily timbered, on 
the more dry and higher places. The natural hollows with less 
drainage, were covered with dense tamarack or balsam swamps, 
with often an accompanying sphagnum and heath bog. 
Within the city of Superior are many of these swamps, now 
partially dried, some covered with alder or willow thickets, 
others much overgrown with grass, but in places having mois¬ 
ture enough to preserve the characteristics of the bog proper. 
It is in these places which grow in quantity Scapania irrigua , 
Lophozia incisa, Lepidozia replans, Cephalozia lunulaefolia. 
Riccardia latifrons, R. palmata and the swamp form of Cepha- 
loziella. 
This clay plain is bounded on the south by the Copper Range 
which was the original southern shore of Lake Superior. This 
lies in a southwesterly direction and meets the North Shore 
Range at Carlton, Minn. 
The Copper Range is also Keweenawan like the North Shore 
Range. The rock formation is similar except that the amygda¬ 
loid rock is more apparent on the surface, and the occurrence* 
at both Copper Creek and Black River gorges of the Pottsdam 
sandstone. The amygdaloid carries traces of copper and silver 
and other minerals. No granite formation is present in the 
District. Near Superior the Copper Range is cut by two 
rivers, Copper Creek and Black River. Both make the heavy 
drop to the lower plain level. Copper Creek is a leisurely way 
by a series of trout pools, rapids, and cascades, through a heavily 
wooded tract; Black River in a magnificent drop of 160 feet 
down a narrow gorge with perpendicular side walls. While 
