Schlatter—The Development of the Vowel. 
1089' 
es-) and the modern has only s- or by learned influence es-, ex¬ 
cept a few cases from INS-, like iscrizione, i sol are, ispettore, 
ispirare, istante, istigare, istinto, istituire, istrumento (but 
normally strumento), instruzione. These last, with their de¬ 
rivatives and half a dozen words like Islamismo, Israele, iso- 
gono, are the only words now commencing with is- and the ob¬ 
solete words are are rare 2 . 
18. A few cases of this numerous group will be sufficient to 
exemplify: 
(a) Cases of Resultant ES-, E-.—Of these, those which 
are still in use are purely literary and those which are obso¬ 
lete are mostly literary and partly perhaps dialectic: ebollire, 
eccellente, eccentrico, eccezione, eccidio, eccitare, elaborare,. 
elargire, elegante, eleggere, elevare, elidere, emenda, emun- 
gere, enucliare, enunciare, erompere, esatto, eschiudere (but 
schiudere is the modern form) escludere, esclamare (but scla- 
mare, popular modern), esempio, espegnere (obsolete for 
spengere), esperienza (but sperienza is illiterate modern), 
espiare, espirare, esplicare (cf. spiegare), esplodere, esploratore 
(sploratore is a more popular modern form), espressione (but 
spresso, illiterate for espresso), esprofesso, esteriore, estrarre 
(but strarre, modern illiterate), evitare. If these words are 
not strictly and admittedly learned (including esempio') cer¬ 
tainly the E is due to the influence of those who were acquainted 
with Latin and felt the necessity and correctness of E, not I, 
and their influence prevailed over the less educated. 
(b) Cases of Resultant S.—sbadare, sbadigliare, jeba- 
gliare, sbalordire, sbatacchiare, sbattere, scomodare, sdraiare, 
sfaccendare, sgranare, sgretolare, sgusciare, slattare, smammo- 
larsi, spavento, spedire, squasi (for quasi, a peasant word) 1 . 
2. Except also the survival occasionally of i before s-impura, after 
certain consonants, as in iscuola , etc.,—but these cases are now few and 
considered pedantic, although many are thoroughly popular in Tuscany. 
§18. Note 1. Also found at Pisa,—see Pierl, AG XII 153. 
