1098 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
gnano), girumetta (and girometta and ghirnmetta, <girare? 
“canzonetta in lode di tutte le parti del vestire d’una donna”), 
Girolamo, (Gerolamo is now obsolete), sbirleffe (for sberleife 3 ), 
sgbironato (a Luccbese form for sgberonato, =“fatto a 
sgheroni”), siroccbia (for seroccliia; <sororcula> sororchia> 
seroccbia, by dissimilation of 0-0 to E-0), virtu (for vertu 4 ). 5 
24. ER BECOMING AR.—This development seems to be 
sporadic, rather than local. Examples: iarsera, illit. for 
iersera; arrante, for errante 1 2 ; areticare, — a bestemmiare,” 
from eretico; aretaggio, for eretaggio; farnetico, from *ferne- 
tico, for frenetico; starnutare, for sternutare; parlato, for per- 
lato, for prelato (in Brunette’s Tesoretto and elsewhere) ; 
parentorio (in Cavalcanti and Boccaccio), for perentorio ;* 
marcorella (beside mercorella), —“mercurialis annua;” star- 
lino, from English sterling; sargente, mod. illit. for ser- 
gente 3 . 4 
3. Cf. sberluciare and sbeffa; D.-H. states that the French balafre is 
derived from ba (Latin bis) and OHGerm. left'ur, lip; these words are 
probably of similar origin, therefore. 
4. Both virtu and vertu were common in the old language and the lat¬ 
ter is now a peasant form; the reason that virtu has ousted the form 
in E is hard to surmise, although viro and many derivatives were 
very common formerly. 
5. Soriani and Soria (common formerly) came into Italian when the 
Greek v was pronounced o, -cf. borsa, lonza, torsa, tomba, etc. Sci- 
rocco (Arabic schoruq) and sciroppo (Arabic scharab) are apparently 
secondary reductions, -cf. §85. 
§24. Note 1. Cf. English arrant. 
2. Possibly parente influenced this word. 
3. Such developments, accented as well as unaccented, are of course 
common to other languages, -cf. English dark, for clerk, sergeant, etc., 
the local pronunciation har, thar, etc., for here, there, etc., French par, 
marchand; see Schwan-Behrens, Gram, des Altfranzosischen, 7th ed., 
§84 A, and for Spanish, Menendez Pidal, Gramatica Historica Espanola, 
§18, 3). Pieri, AG XII 113, mentions at Lucca quarella, for querela, 
and gliarsera (among the peasants). 
4. The letter R is often responsible for the passage of a contiguous 
vowel from before R to after, or vice versa; this seldom changes the 
vowel itself. Cf. the following: berlengo, “tavola, luogo da mangiare,” 
from bretling (cf. French brelan); robiglia, from ervilia (to erb-, to 
reb-, then by labial influence, rob-); treato (13th century and mod. 
peasant; this is only a shift of R from one syllable to the other), for 
teatro; parlato, perlato, for prelato; farnetico, from frenetico; stra- 
nuto (mod. pop.), for starnuto; spregiuro (14th century), for 
spe’rgiuro; sprifottia, for sperfottia (mod., — “disgrazia”), from *e-x- 
per-futt(u)ere; bertesca, for brettesca (see Foerster, ZRPh VI 113); 
pretuzza, for pietruzza; ghermire, from OHGerm. krimman (gremire 
in Bdrni); probably bertelle (cf. French bretelles); probably berloccbe 
