1106 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
lemosina, limosina, etc., from eAc^/xoo-wr/; piscopo, vescovo, 
from episcopu-; micrania, migrana, magrana, etc., and emi- 
crania, from Kpaivryi ? a; briaco, from ebriacu- (also brio, bri- 
oso?); remito, romito, etc., from eremitu-, from w/*os; rede, 
retaggio, redetare, etc., from erede, etc.; nestare, for innestare; 
nemico, from inimicu-; pittima, from €7ri^/xa; maginare, ma- 
gine (in Dante et al.), for immaginare, etc.; nentrare (peas¬ 
ant), from in-entrare; and, by analogy of this compound, nus- 
cire (peasant), from in-uscire 10 ; forms from the pronoun ille,- 
lo, la, laggm, li (< illic), gli, gliene, gnene, et sim.; nel, nello, 
etc., from in-illu-; ne, from ene<enne<inde; nante, nanzi, etc., 
from innante, etc.; nitrire * 11 ; similarly, naspo, etc., for an- 
naspo; nabissare, nabisso, from un abisso; betizzare, “far 
hebet©”; fante, fanciullo, fantoccio, etc., from *ifante, Clas¬ 
sic infantem 12 ; bizza, “stizza”, for in-bizza 13 ; gnegnero (mod. 
familiar and jocular,- “se avesse un po’ di gnegnero”, = “cri- 
terio”), from ingenio 14 ; gnorante, gnoro, gnorri (“far lo 
gnorri”,=“far vista di non sapere”), from ignorante, et sim. 15 
Riguo, for irriguo (cf. “da terra rigua”), is not apbetic; Clas¬ 
sic Latin had riguus and irriguus, rigare and irrigare, used in¬ 
differently. Tra (intra) and fra (infra) and their numerous 
compounds are all, of course, aphetic, —traballare, traboccare, 
frattenere, trattenere, etc. 16 , and, similarly, the reduction of 
EX-, etc., mentioned in §1*8. The following are examples of 
apheresis of a very arbitrary kind: sago for presago (cf. fondo, 
10. Cf. tlie expression “Non ne nusco,” which at first would seem a 
merely intentional alliteration, but there is nescire, “nesci di li,” etc. 
11. See Flechia, AG II 381; he considers this form an apheresis from 
annitrire, from innitrire, from hinnitire, with epenthesis of R, from 
hinnire. 
12. See M.-L., Gram. d. L, R., I, §484. 
13. See Parodi, Rom. XXVII 238: “imbidia, per invidia: toscano bizza, 
da *imbizza, dove il prefisso fu preso per la preposizione in e quindi 
omesso.” 
14. See Salvioni, Rom. XXVIII, 97; Caix, Stndi, p. 182; Pieri, AG 
XII, 129. 
15. Apparently under analogy of these last and similar words, presup¬ 
posing an original ign- reduced to n and spelled gn, there arose forms 
like gnudo, for nudo, gnacchera, for nacchera. Gn- seems to be & 
rather popular beginning for a word. 
16. As to meaning, infra, intra, ultra, extra, trans, all form a double 
resultant tra and fra (cf. bis-, dis-, ex-, -see §17.), -cf. frattenere, trat¬ 
tenere, tramontane (trans, ultra), tracarico, stracarco, etc. 
