Schlatter — The Development of the Vowel, 1109 
vola Eitonda); suro (16th century), for sicuro (French sur 1 ) ; 
enlevare 2 ; faonare (“figliare”, French faon); chepi, from 
kepi; menageria; decalcomania; telefono; essonite (“varieta 
di granato”, from Hess, a name) ; ermesianismo (from Georg 
Hermes); eserina (“sorta d’alcaloide”,-^* French eserine, 
from esere, native name of plant); mesmerismo; berlina (Ber- 
]in) ; edelvais; bsrmudiana; fernambuco (a plant,—distortion 
of Pernambuco in Brasil) ; veranda. Bielta, bielta, for belta 
(common in the old language), are French 3 . 
37. Dialects 1 .— As Parodi states 2 , the most important Tus¬ 
can dialects fall more or less exactly into four groups. The 
principal towns concerned are: Group 1, Florence (and 
Prato); Group 2, Pistoia, Lucca, Pisa; Group 3, Siena; and 
Group 4, Arezzo. These dialects may be termed roughly 
those of the north (or center), of the west, of the south, and 
of the southeast. Generally speaking, Group 1 has I, Group 2 
prefers I, but also has E less frequently, Group 3 prefers E, 
but also has I less frequently, and Group 4 has E. 
Group 1.—Florence.—Glriaro Davanzati 3 : always I, except 
the usual Florentine non-phonetic exceptions,—and such words 
as pesanza, sembianza (E by influence of forms accented on 
the first syllable or they are words common to the Sicilian 
School). Maestro Francesco 4 : regular, showing even vistita. 
Buono Giamboni 5 6 : regular, except neuno (non-phonetic,- influ¬ 
ence of ne) and niuno, nemico (the modern form, —E by 
vowel dissimilation; see §20, note 7) and nimico. Pucci 8 : 
§36. Note 1. Possibly this is an exceptional reduction of sicuro: 
sicuro> siguro> si‘uro> suro. 
2. Enl€ve was used in English by Maundey In 1400, see Oxford Dic¬ 
tionary, sub voce. 
3. These are but a few of the numerous foreign borrowings of the old 
and especially of the modern language. 
§37. Note 1. See Introduction, §5. 
2. Rom. XVIII 590. 
3. Dead by 1280; his language is quite contaminated by the hybrid 
language of the Sicilian School. See Wiese, Altitalienisches Lesebuch, 
pp. 211-214. 
4. Thirteenth century; see Monaci, p. 309. 
5. Thirteenth century; see Monaci, pp. 488-492. 
6. Dead in 1390; see Frizzi, Prop. XI, parte 2a, pp. 105-125. 
