1112 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
confusion of the prefix pre-), spidale, mistieri, intrare, in- 
trambi, infiato; but securo, mesura, pegione, defatti, defetto, 
rechiedere, genocchione, bechierara, nepote, pregione, rebello, 
reparo, segnore, de, se (pronoun), menuto, besogno, desfare, 
desmontare, ensaccare, ensegna, embasciata, prencipio, trebuto, 
trestizia, treonfo, el (obsolete, now er), e (plural of el) (and 
gherlanda, scherlatto and schirlatto). 
GROUP 3.— Siena. —The forms in E seem to predominate 
slightly, but this dialect presents a greater confusion of the two 
than any other. 27 
GROUP 4.— Arezzo : shows E very decidedly. 28 Citth di 
Gastello: prefers E, according to Parodi. 29 Cortona: 30 seems 
to show preference for E. 
A A 
38. Classic Latin A A> Vulgar Latin A> Italian A. 
—There was no diffence in the development of Classic Latin 
A and A. Except for cases of apheresis, which, for cause, are 
especially numerous, A is very stable. 
(a) EXAMPLES of popular words: acciaio, aiutare, amore, 
animale, arrivare, avere, cappello, eavallo, famiglia, fatica, fafc- 
toio, lamento, lavoro, maestro, maggiore, mattina., padella, 
27. See Hirsch, ZRPh IX and X. Hirsch concludes that the Sienese 
slightly favors the E and Parodi agrees with him (Rom. XVIII). 
Hirsch’s article needs rearrangement. Besides the sources for Siena 
mentioned by Hirsch, op. cit., one may also compare Silvagni, in the 
Bull, della Society filol. rom., Ill, and De Bartholomaeis, in the Mi¬ 
scellanea di lett. del medio evo, fasc. 1 Ceruti published the Battaglia 
di Mont’ Aperto in Prop. VI, pt. 1, 27-62. 
28. Guittone (see Monad, pp. 168-192), althoughvery full of the style 
of the Sicilian School, seems to be more or less trustworthy, especially 
in his prose; he inclines to E', but I is exceedingly common. Ristoro, 
on the other hand, is an excellent source (see Monaci, pp. 362-368) hnd 
shows almost entirely E: el, dd, Restoro, en, re-(in composition), se 
(pronoun), etc., the exceptions are quite negligible. On the language 
of Guittone, see L. Rohrsheim, Beihefte zur ZRPh, XV, 1908. 
29. Rom. XVIII, 617. I have not had access to Bianchi’s work. (II 
Dialetto di Citt& di Castello, 1888). 
30. See Mazzoni, Prop. 2a ser., II & III. Cortona is in the province 
of Arezzo and the document concerned contains “Laudi del secolo 13°;’* 
however, it contains plenty of I’s and is quite learned. As one pro¬ 
ceeds into Umbria, E is the favorite (cf. the works of Jacopone da 
Todi); it is. therefore, quite embarrassing to find the Valdichiana— 
running S. E. between Siena and Arezzo towards Umbria—showing 
to-day, according to Petrocchi, such forms as sirvire, sivero, sintuto, 
trippie (for treppie), virsiera (for (av)versiera), vinire, vinuto! 
