Schlatter—The Development of the Vowel. 1115 
for sornione, 3 through susurrare; oprire, for aprire, through 
coprire ; 4 formacia, for farmacia, through forma, formare 
(?) 5 ; lumiero, for lamiera, through lume; 6 zompare, a cross¬ 
ing of zampare and zombare; 7 lucertola, for lacertola, through 
luce; valampa (—'‘vampa subitanea”), a combination of 
vampa and lampa; 8 poltroniere (=“a lazy fellow”), in the 
sense of paltoniere (=“a ragamuffin”), is merely a confusion 
of similar ideas and words ; gracidare, a combination of cro- 
citare and graoillare; 9 gelsomino (Persian jasemin ), through 
gelso; 10 treppello (13th century, —“piccola quantita di soldati 
comandati da. un officiale inferiore”), for drappello, through 
treppiare, treppicare, trepilare (there is also vowel assimila¬ 
tion) ; grevare, for gravare, as greve for grave, by analogy of 
leve; 11 (s)tronfiare, through gonfiare; 12 the curious form 
fenacbisticopo, for fantascopo, arose through fantastico and ? 1S 
43. Labial Influence. —Domasco, for damasco; 1 romaiolo 
(and ramaiolo), from (ae) ramariolu-. 2 
3. From Saturnus? 
4. Uprire at Siena. The same thing took place in French ouvrir, 
through couvrir; yet there is a following labial both in the Italian 
and in the French', which may have aided in this development. 
5. In this case there is a preceding labial. 
6. Because of its brightness and power of reflection (?); here, too, a 
labial is adjacent. 
7. A following labial is also here. 
8. Cf. the somewhat analogous crossings in English; yowl, from yell 
and howl; splatter, from splash and spatter. Salvioni, AG XVI 442 
gives falampa at Lucca as “falo e vampa.” 
9. M.-L., Ital. Gram., §140. 
10. The form gensumino seems to be assimilation of the 1 to the 
nasals in the latter part of the word. 
11. A Vulgar Latin change, -Grandgent, Introd. to Vulg. Latin, §19'5 
(4). 
12. If the derivation is tra(ns)-inflare, as has been suggested, one 
would expect tranfiare; in Siena, there is the form trenfiare, by ana¬ 
logy of enflare. Gonfiare is derived from conflare. 
13. For gettare, gittare, see §20 (a); the etymon seems to be *jectare, 
but se*e Cornu, Rom. VII 354, Sturzinger-, ALL VII 450. Another ana¬ 
logical form, which does not, however, disturb the regular development 
of A, is calamandrea (and calamandrina), a plant, =“camedrio,” from 
Xa/WSpvq. The original form seems to have been contaminated by 
such words as calab&, calamina (=“giallamina”), calamo, calama.gna, 
ealandra. 
§43. Note 1. From Aa/maa-Kog- but Arabic Dimashq. 
2. Other possible labializations are mentioned in §42. Pier!, AG 
XII 113, records also Gromigna, from gramineu-, = “monte prCsso 
Lucca”. 
