Schlatter—The Development of the Vowel. 
1121 
fano 3 ; ermellino, for armellino, from OHGerm. harmo, —cf. 
French hermeline; ferrana, from farragine- (farraggine also 
exists, —cf. Spanish herren); cerbottana (=blow-gun or 
reed”), from Arabic zarbatana (cf. French sarbacane, Spanish 
zarbatana, cerbatana, cebratana, —ciorbottana is in Cellini) ; 
sermento, for sarmento 4 . 
50. AL to AU.—Development of AIL to AU takes place in 
auterrare, for alter ar (si) ; antezza (in Guittone), for altezza; 
antare (in Buti’s Comento and in the Bandi Lucch.), for 
altare • antrui and aultrui (in Guittone,—a combination of both 
spellings),—also under the accent, autro and aultro. This 
phenomenon seems to be connected with that of AU to AL, 
—see §82. 
51. Foreign Words. —Overtura (French ouverture); 
frere (Fatti di Cesari) and friere (Tesoretto, —French frere) ; 
dom(m)aggio (French dommage) ; bodriere (and brodiere, by 
shift of It, and budriere at Florence, ■—French baudrier 1 ) ; 
busnaga and bisnaga (Spanish biznaga) 2 ; tronvai (illiterate 
and peasant), for tranvai (English tramway) 3 ; bedeguar 
““spina bianca,” —from French) 4 ; ciajera (Old French 
chaiere, from cathedra) 5 ; oboe, oboe, and uboe (French haut- 
bois) ; merino (Spanish merinos, from maiorinus ?); someria 
(from: French ?) 6 7 ; ciaramella, ceramella (Fbench ?) 7 ; clovetta 
3. See §47. 
4. Perhaps gherminella (=“inganno”) also belongs here,—see Calx, 
Studi, No. 336. Cherovana perhaps developed as follows: caravana, 
cheravana, cherevana (assimilation of vowels), cherovana (O through 
the V labial). Cerbottana, then, will have had a similar history, and 
ciorbottana would owe its first O to assimilation to the second. The 
words of German origin might owe their double forms in somd cases 
to doublets in German, one with the umlaut and the other without. 
Fieri, AG XII, 143, records Bernabe at Pisa. Berlina (=“gogna”) also 
is a case,, if derived from barellina, from bara, as Canello thought,— 
AG III 336. 
§51. Note 1. OHGerm. bald(e)rich; see Zaccaria, under budriere. 
2. Pastinaca is the literary word; see Caix, Studi, No. 217. 
3. This tronvai, unless the O is merely an obscure pronunciation, 
might have been affected by the analogy of trono, = “tono, fulmine, 
forza”, used in the 14th century and still among the peasants. 
4. See the Oxford Dictionary, under bedeguar,—ultimately Persian 
badawar. 
5. Cf. Canello, AG III 385. 
6. See Canello, AG III 310; Grober, ALL V 456; Ronsch, ZRPh III 
103. 
7. See Ascoli, AG I 73, note 1. 
