1126 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
62. Illiterate Development to U. The following words 
described by Petrocchi as “volgare”, “del contado”, and “ter- 
mine delle montagne” seem to indicate a much more general 
tendency of U among the lower classes: cucchieri (cocchiere), 
culiseo (colosseo), cultello, cultivare, Fullonica, (Follonica), 
mumento, prufessore, prumessa, prumettere, pruscenico (pro- 
scenic), prutesta, prutezione, pulenda, pu(v)esia, pu(v)eta, 
rubusto, rugantino, scultellarsi, spuntaneo, sputestare (spote- 
6tare), subborgo, ubbliare, ubbligare and ubbrigare, udore, uf- 
fesa, unore, uperazione, upinione, urigine, zulfanello. 
63. Double Forms: —The forms showing O and U are 
very numerous in the old language. In the modern, one form 
is usually favored. In many cases the confusion would very 
readily arise from accent-shifting in the various forms of the 
same or related words,—for example, pulvischio would 9eem 
to be the regular form and poivischio perverted by polvere. 
Forms accented on the first syllable have sometimes perverted 
the other forms and sometimes the reverse has happened. Be¬ 
sides these causes, literary influence and dialect intrusion are 
-ever present to add to the confusion. A; few examples of the 
many will suffice to show these types: 
boccellato is Lucchese, buccellato is Florentine; 
boffetto is the regular form, buffetto is influenced by buffo; 
bolicame, influenced by bolle, etc., bulicame, regular and in¬ 
fluenced by forms buglire, bugliolo, etc.; 
bolina, dialectic, bulina, regular 1 ; 
bollire, .influence of forms accented on the 0, bullire, obsolete, 
is regular; 
bollente, modern, influence of forms accented on the 0, buglien- 
te, regular in Passavanti: 
borrone, burrone, 2 both modern, the latter preferred (why?); 
bottega is Florentine, buttiga and bottiga are Old Sienese; 
-cocomero is the regular modern form, cucumero is used by San- 
nazaro; 
^soprire, influenced by copro, coprono, etc., cuprire is Sienese; 
§63. Note 1. From Dutch boelijn, a bowline. 
2. Probably from Greek fioQpot; budrione at Modena. 
