Schlatter—The Development of the Vowel . 
1139 
Florence shows TJ; GROUPS 1 2 and 3 seem to have inclined 
and still to incline to O: at Pisa, odire 2 ; Pisa-Lucca 3 : oderai, 
odrai; Siena 4 : odesti, odire, odeste, odito, odendo; GROUP 4: 
Arezzo: in Guittone, gaudere, lauzore, andito, auzida (possibly 
all forms due to Provencal influence), o (from aut 5 * * ), oreglie; 
in Ristoro, audire, audito, laudare, but uccelli, udire, ucelare, 
and o (from aut 8 ). 
SECONDARY DEVELOPMENTS. 
85. Certain vowel combinations of secondary growth re¬ 
duced regularly in Florence and apparently more or less gen¬ 
erally in Tuscany to monophthongs. The only groups of im¬ 
portance are the following: descending combinations, ai> a, 
ei> e, oi> o, ui>u; ascending combinations, ia, ie, io, iu, 
all> i. Examples : 
OF AI> A: a’, for ai 1 ; da’, for dai, from dagli; qua’, for 
quai; ta’, for tai (tali); atare, for ait are (both now obsolete, 
superseded by aiutare, which was preserved by the forms ac¬ 
cented aiuto, aiutano, etc.); ma, for mai, from magi-s 2 ; ma’, 
for mali 3 ; tranare, popular for trainare; balia, from bailia; 
sattiche, an exclamation (=“che e, che e?”), probably from 
sai tu che; guadagnare, from *waidanjan; 1 ’ancudine, for la 
incudine; l’anguinaia, for la inguinaia; and many similarly, 
both obsolete and modern,— e. g., l’ha’nventata, et sim. (in 
Fucini). 4 
§84. Note 1. See §§37 and 75. 
2. Pieri, AG XII. 
3. Barbi, in the Raccolta D’Ancona. 
4. Hirsch, ZRPh IX and X. 
5. Or from *ot: cf. Provencal o. 
§85. Note 1. The process was of course, a’<ai<agli<a(d)-(e)gll 
<ad-illi-vowel; so, similarily, da’, qua’, ta’, ma’ (from mali), ne’ de\ 
be’, que’, co’, etc. 
2. In the sense of “but”, and also in the sense of “mai”, as in the 
following modern examples: se ma’ mai; quanta ma’ gente; ma’pid a 
ma’poi; quanti ma’discorsi!—at Pistoia: Ti voglio matanto bene; in 
Vita Bari., maunque. 
3. Dante: ma’conforti; G. Villani: ma’ guadagni e ma’fattori; the 
proper name Machiavelli (mali chiavelli). 
4. The phenomenon occurs under the accent also: piato, for piaito; 
fa’, va’, sta’, etc.; frale, foT fr&yile <fragile-; and in maestro, simi- 
