106 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
instead of thinking in that order, I reverse my thinking and be¬ 
gin with apples, I am naturally looking for reverse relation to 
obtain between the apples and the boys—between actee and actor. 
But, previous to the evolution of the passive, I assume that I 
had never sensed relation of this sort. I couldn’t even try 
to formulate it; for it wasn’t even part of my idea-repertory. 
Yet in saying that the apples ate themselves, I thoroughly ap¬ 
preciated that my mode of thinking 1 was a make-shift. If now I 
merely say the apples are in this or that relation with the eat¬ 
ing, I shall hardly be much better satisfied. What I want to 
tell—and therefore first of all to find—is the relation that ob¬ 
tains between the apples and the boys. • 
Moreover, if my statement is to be complete, this far from 
satisfactory relation between the apples and the eating must 
be supplemented by relation between the eating and the boys; 
and mentally to picture first the one and then the other costs 
me a superfluous and irksome effort. Also therefore for that 
reason, rather than for instance say “The apples were affected 
by an eating which itself was furthermore effected by the boys''’ 
(or an equivalent thereof), I much prefer to tell you briefly 
what relation was, by eating, formed between the apples and 
the boys. 
Started thus upon the search, and guided by the facts, it 
seems to me that sooner or later one is sure to find the sought 
relation. To recognize it, one needs only, as it seems to me, 
to give himself completely to the situation’s influence upon his 
mind—an influence which I shall understand most easily if, in 
approaching it, I start with a more simple illustration. 
Accordingly, imprimis I observe that, as I walk from hill to 
valley, I experience the physical sensation namable as that of 
going down or down-ness; and, if I merely pass in thought from 
hill to valley, I experience the mind-sensation namable as low¬ 
erness or—more distinctly—as relation of the lower to the 
higher.* If I now reverse the walk, the physical sensation is 
reversed for me without cooperation or exertion of my mind; 
* Why not of the higher to the lower, is a far from easy question, 
worthy of a specially attempted answer in another publication. 
