136 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts , and Letters. 
What alone occurs to me at first, as predicable of a raining,, 
is reality. Thus confronted, I require for my own enlighten¬ 
ment some correlation of my thinkings with the happenings of 
the outer world. 
To experiment a little, many times I think for instance it is 
raining, but am afterward convinced that no occurrence in the 
world about me matches what was going on within me—-in my 
mind. Many times I am more fortunate. I may say accord¬ 
ingly that I develop many mental pictures (counterparts) of 
raining, some of which are matched by outer-world reality,, 
while some are not. These however in essentials are so much 
alike, that I am prone to sense them not as many, each presented 
once, hut as one presented many times—or, say, a single picture, 
sometimes in my mind, and sometimes not. This single fre¬ 
quently recurring picture I further recognize consistently as 
sometimes matched by happenings of the outer world, and some¬ 
times not so matched-—-as sometimes true and sometimes un¬ 
true. Confining my vagaries to my personal mental business— 
which I am free to carry on as I elect, and irresponsibly—-I 
have not thus far meddled with outer-world reality. I pro¬ 
ceed, however, further. 
As a truism, this can hardly be surpassed: the outer world, 
the world that often matches those conceptions which I rank 
as true, is made up only of what is. Strictly nothing in that 
world can tally with conceptions which I rank as untrue. In 
other words, the outer world does not contain, and only indi¬ 
rectly can suggest, the unreal—that is, what it does not con¬ 
tain. Yet the love, perhaps, of symmetry induces me, parti¬ 
cularly in the case of action, not only to suppose my true con¬ 
ceptions to be duplicated by reality (by phenomena that do 
occur), but also to imagine my untrue conceptions to be matched 
by unreality (by phenomena that don’t occur). In other words 
I people the outer world with flesh and blood occurrences that 
happen, and with ghosts of many more occurrences that do not 
happen. 
In my thus extended outer world there are, for instance, 
rainings that are real and rainings that are unreal. Gener al I x- 
ii 
