184 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
1860 
1865 
Carpenters... 
15,635 
588 
46,198 
18,371 89 
1,885 
212 
117 
16,159 
3,213 
263 
16,145 
6,005 
13,966 
525 
56,992 
1,053 89 
1,269 
111 
49 
14.778 
5,890 
210 
12,005 
4,828 
Caulkers and Gravers. 
Farmers......... 
Farm laborers... 
Manufacturers: 
Boot and shoe..... 
Cotton and wool_... .... 
Paper........ 
Mariners. 
Mechanics... 
Millwrights. .. 
Operatives in Mills. 
Painters... 
The foregoing table shows a falling-off in the number of man¬ 
ufacturers and in the number of mill operatives, and combines 
with the other evidence presented, to prove that, in general, 
manufactures declined in Massachusetts between 1855 and 
1865. Much of this decline came during the war period, and 
in spite of the encouragements of the war tariff. It was prob¬ 
ably due to the after-effects of the Crisis of 1857, and to the 
economic disturbances accompanying the war. 
After the cessation of hostilities, manufactures seemed to take 
on new life. Fear of disaster had passed away, confidence was 
restored and the opening of the Southern market afforded new 
opportunities for trade. 90 The transition from war to peace 
seems not to have been very disastrous. 91 By 1870 it is prob¬ 
able that manufactures were in fairly good condition. The 
number of establishments had increased from about 8,000 to 
over 13,000 (8,176 to 13,212) during the decade, the number of 
hands employed from 217,421 to 279,380, 92 an increase of over 
28 per cent. As the population had increased only about 18 
per cent during the same period, 93 it is evident that the factories 
were employing a considerably greater portion of the state’s 
inhabitants in 1870 than in 1860. The total value of manu¬ 
factured products rose from $255,545,922 to $553,912,568 dur- 
89 This apparently great decline is probably due to a change in the 
method of making returns. Perhaps many of those given as “farm 
laborers” in 1860 were returned as “farmers” in 1865. 
90 Report Boston Board of Trade, 1866, p. 72. 
91 Ibid, p. 72. 
92 U. S. Census, Reports, 1860, 1870. 
93 From 1,231,066 in 1860 to 1,457,351 in 1870. U. S. Census Reports. 
