Stout—Vegetation of a Typical Wild Ray Meadow. 409 
of the region about the Bay of Bundy a “wet meadow” forma¬ 
tion characterized by two types of vegetation. In one Spartina 
cynosuroides Willd. is dominant with Cicuta maculata, Carex 
maritima, Calamagrostis canadensis, and Scirpus atrovirens as 
secondary species. He also finds a floating bog association or 
“Garicetum” with Carex filiformis, Eriophorum vaginatum, 
Carex stricta decora, and Carex Magellanica as principal spe¬ 
cies.. Both of these have species in common with our marsh 
meadow T s but all being more nearly a bog formation on the flood 
plain of a tidal river. 
Lewis (17) (1904) describes, under the term “Grass Heath” 
a formation of the Pennine moors of England which although 
differing somewhat has many points in common with our marsh 
meadows. It is developed on glacial drift overlaid by peat with 
a high water content. The grass Molinia varia is dominant 
with such secondary species as Desckampsia flexuosa, Carex 
flava, Carex echinata, Carex Goodenomi, and Juncus conglome¬ 
rate. He distinguishes these sharply from the Heath (Heide 
or Zwergstrauchheiden of Warming). He states that these 
grass heaths stretch for miles on gently sloping poorly drained 
ground, and that although they occur at all altitudes they are 
best developed at one thousand feet altitude where they form 
intermediate zones between the heather moors higher up and 
the cultivated lands of lower altitudes. 
Smith (18) (1904) makes a sharp distinction between typi¬ 
cal bog formations and “marshes” in Scotland. The latter he 
considered as corresponding to the typical mieadow moor of 
Warming. He found that in Scotland their vegetation was 
composed of the taller sedges, grasses and rushes, and that they 
were best developed on the “landward side of the reed swamps 
of lowland lochs and rivers.” 
In the various types of vegetation present in the extensive 
flat-moors of Austria, Bailer and Wilk (22) (1907) have de¬ 
scribed associations which are quite similar to the wild hay 
meadows of Wisconsin. They term such an association a 
“Magno Caricetum” and describe it as composed chiefly of 
Carex stricta, Carex filiformis, Carex acuta, Carex paludosa, 
