Stout—Vegetation of a Typical Wild Hay Meadow. 453 
Classification of the Marsh Meadow 
Warming (25) (1909) classifies the plant formations closely 
related to the marsh meadow described above as follows: 
A. The soil is very wet and the abundant water is available to 
the plant (at least in class I). The formations are there¬ 
fore more or less hydrophylous. 
Class I. Hydrophytes (of formations in water). 
Class II. Ilelophytes (of formations in marsh). 
1. Reed swamp formations. 
2. Bush swamp formations. 
B. The soil is physiologically dry; i, e, contains water that is 
available to the plant only in slight extent. The forma¬ 
tions are therefore essentially composed of xerophylous 
structures. 
Class III. Oxylophytes (formation on acid soil). 
1. Low moor. 
2. Grass heath. 
3. High moor. 
H. Soil and climate favor the development of mesophylous for¬ 
mations. 
Class XIII. Mesophytes. 
A. Communities of grasses (used in a wide sense to include 
Gramineae Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, etc,). 
1. Arctic and Alpine not grassland. 
2. Meadows. 
It should he noted that among the species of the reed forma¬ 
tion Warming includes Car ex strict a. Car ex aquatilis Car ex 
riparia and Car ex filiformis which are dominants in the marsh 
meadow described above, and also Phragmites communis, Scir- 
pus lacustus and Typha latifolia which are present but less 
abundant. 
Warming recognizes that there can be no sharply defined 
ecological classification of plants on account of the gradations 
between the types. It is to be noted, however, that Warming 
separates widely the meadow and the meadow moor making the 
former mesophytic and the latter oxylophytic and in this re¬ 
spect his classification is not satisfactory for our Wisconsin 
