SECOND ANNUAL, REPORT-SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 
191 
Miami River, 6.2 feet. South of the Biscayne pineland and Bong Key 
the height of the Everglades is less than 6 feet. 
Willoughby in his trip across the ’Glades from Harney River to 
Miami River found that the water on the west side of the ’Glades had 
a slow movement southwest—and on the east side southeast. Ingra¬ 
ham, who crossed the ’Glades from Fort Shackelford to Miami found 
a southerly movement of water in a creek connecting Okaloakoochee 
Slough and the Big Cypress, but there was little current in the 
sloughs. 
W. J. Krome, who made a careful survey of the southern ’Glades 
for the Florida East Coast Railway, found a slight southerly current 
in the slough between the mainland and Long Key, that forms the 
headwaters of Taylors River. The writer, however, found no per¬ 
ceptible current in this slough in June, 1908. 
Evidently at times of highwater there is a perceptible movement of 
the Everglades water down the slight slopes toward the nearest out¬ 
lets. At times of extremely low water the sloughs may be so 
separated that except in the immediate vicinity of a river no current 
is perceptible. 
The normal difference between high and low water in the ’Glades 
is about two feet, the maximum difference may be twice as great. 
In the spring of 1908, it was possible to travel by wagon from the 
Biscayne pineland to and about Long Key, whereas in the late fall 
of 1906, one could cross the southern Everglades in a power boat. 
Bed Rock Surface of the Everglades:—The Everglades have been 
variously called a lake in a rock-rimmed basin, and a vast sink. In 
the light of the facts accumulated by surveys of the War Department, 
the Disston Company, the Florida East Coast Railway, and the State 
of Florida, and by the explorations of Ingraham, Willoughby, and 
others,, such designations as the above appear inexact, in spite of the 
aptness of the Seminole name “grassy water” during the late summer 
and early fall. 
It is true that bed rock lies at or near the surface toward the edges 
of the Everglades, Along the east side from Jupiter River to Hills¬ 
boro River, the outcrops are few. South of New River, they are more 
numerous, and from just north of Miami to Homestead, the rock 
forms 'bare ridges with a maximum elevation of fifteen feet above mean 
water level in the Everglades. This series of ridges bends at its 
southern end to the west and gradually disappears as a series of rocky 
keys running west and southwest and reaching nearly to White Water 
Bay. South of this rock ridge from Cutler on Biscayne Bay around 
the southern end of the mainland, past Cape Sable, White Water 
Bay, Ponce de Leon Bay and the Ten Thousand Islands, there are no 
outcrops of bed rock above the sea level; nor are there any along the 
