292 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
At the end of the ceremony the effigy of St. George is thrown 
into the water. 1 The same figure appears in Transylvania 
and Koumania:. Oln these costume® of leave® and the attendant 
ceremonies Mannhardt and Frazer have collected a great deal 
of evidence. 2 A study of this mass of testimony will convince 
one that the connection between the leave® of these ceremonies 
and the tissue paper “scaled armor” is complete. 
Even from the comparatively few European folk-ceremonies 
I have cited, it must seem rather clear 1 that these are very close 
to the central incident® of the St. George plays.. This impres¬ 
sion will be strengthened when we consider how widely such 
ceremonies and beliefs have been spread over Europe in all 
age®. Again Frazer presents us with a mass of evidence in 
his study of the death and resurrection of Adonis, 3 of Attis, 4 
of Osiris, 5 of Dionysus, 6 of Demeter and Proserpine; 7 and in 
his study of the Lityrses. 8 
Further, we may say that these beliefs go more deeply into 
savagery than anything else that can be observed in Europe; 
and in strangely similar rites among savages we catch a 
glimpse of what the European ceremonies must have been in 
past ages, before civilization drove them from among the more 
progressive classes to the backward and ignorant of our own 
time. To these ceremonies we shall now direct our attention. 
II. 
AUSTRALIAN FOOD (OR INTICHIUMA) CEREMONIES. 
We shall base our investigations upon the reports of reput¬ 
able observers, who have lived among the people for a consid- 
1 Frazer, 1. c., vol. 1, pp. 209 ft.; Mannhardt, “Wald- und Feldkulte,” 
vol. 1, pp. 313 ff. 
2 Mannhardt, 1. c., vol. 1, pp. 311-341; Frazer, 1. c., chap. 1, especially 
pp. 166-224. 
3 L,. c., vol. 1, pp. 115-130. 
4L. c., vol. 1, pp. 130-137. 
6L. c., vol. 1, pp. 137-160. 
e L. c., vol. 1, pp. 160-168. 
7L. c., vol. 1, pp. 168-222. 
« L. c., vol. 1, pp. 222-261. 
