Hurdenberg—Studies in the Trophi of the Scarabaeidae. 557 
“At the base, outwardly, is a large corneous sclerite, to 
which are attached inferiorly most of the muscles and tendons 
controlling the entire organ. This may be called the basalis, 
or basal piece, and is the homologue of the stipes of the max¬ 
illae. There is in some species an intermediate piece between 
the basalis and the head, which presents the cardo of the max¬ 
illae and which I propose to call the sub-basalis, or tendon- 
bearer; the former on account of its position, the latter as ex¬ 
pressive of its function. The muscular attachment is, however, 
to the basalis as well as to the sub-basalis, even when the latter 
is present. Another of the basal pieces united to the basalis 
and forming the inner inferior part of the entire organ, I pro¬ 
pose to call the molar, or grinder. I believe it to be homologous 
with the sub-galea, and the function is expressed by the name. 
The food is not cut or broken by any other organ, and indeed 
needs little cutting. But, to get into the gullet, it must pass be¬ 
tween those grinders and is there fitted for swallowing. In the 
present species, the molars are ridged and dissimilar. The one 
grinding face is convex; the other is concave, the convex sur¬ 
face fitting accurately in the opposite cavity. 
“In Macrodactylus, Cetonia and some other genera, these 
molars are much larger proportionately, fitted for scraping as 
well as for grinding or chewing. Between the molar, which 
is always well-chitinized in all the forms I have seen, and a 
flattened, more membranous piece, also attached to the basalis, 
is a small sclerite, which I have thus far found in Copris only, 
and this I call the conjunctivus, or connecting piece. It has no 
other function that I can find and does not seem to occur where 
there is a greater development of the molar. It most likely 
represents the basal joint of the galea and is obscured where 
the molar is largely developed. The flat membranous piece 
forming most of the inner, and part of the outer, margin of 
the mandible toward the tip is the homologue of the galea , and 
I have called it the terebra, or piercer. In this species it is 
quite closely united to the basalis and is fringed with long, 
dense and fine hairs. 
“In some other species, notably the Cetonii and pollen-feed¬ 
ing forms, it is entirely distinct and separate; much firmer in 
