Hardenberg—Studies in the Trophi of the Scarabaeidae. 559 
parts are present : the small triangular cardo, the large stipes, 
and a large convex palpifer, which is provided with a few 
long, stiff hairs and bears the four-jointed palpus. The sub¬ 
galea is large and somewhat quadrangular; the galea, like the 
smaller lacinia, is a flat, helmet-shaped piece covered with 
moderately long hairs. Between the sub-galea and the galea 
we find a fork-shaped chitinous sclerite, which in other genera 
is more conspicuous than in Copris; this is possibly the prox¬ 
imal segment of the galea. As the maxillae show only slight 
variations, they need not be discussed for every species ex¬ 
amined, and reference to them will be made only when they 
present any striking peculiarity. 
Labium (PI. XXX, Figs. 6, 7). The labial structures are 
all present, but the arrangement is somewhat confusing and 
complex, different authors disagreeing as to the homology of 
some parts. To give a clear idea of the arrangement as I 
understand it, I have used diagrams wherever necessary or 
helpful. 1 am inclined to accept the view of Kadic (3) in 
regard to the mentum and sub-mentum, believing that the two 
sclerites, hitherto called mentum and sub-mentum in coleopter- 
ological literature, are really together the sub-mentum, which 
thus consists of a posterior and an anterior part. The mentum 
proper, in Copris and its allies, is folded in over the sub-men¬ 
tum, and is, for the greater part, membranous; its lateral edge, 
however, is always chitinized, and appears as a curved chitin¬ 
ous rod, extending from the lateral anterior corner of the sub- 
mentum to the origin of the inner lobe of the labium. As 
these outer and inner lobes are homologous with the lobes of 
the maxillae, I use the same names throughout, calling the 
outer lobe (lobus externus, paraglossa) the galea , and the inner 
lobe (lobus internus, glossa) the lacinia. 
That part which I consider the true mentum (and which 
bears the lobes and the palpifer), has been called by some au¬ 
thors the hypoglottis, and by others the ligula. I will call it 
the mentum. 
The diagram (PI. XXXIV, Fig. 1) shows that in Copris 
Carolina the mentum presents a small, somewhat triangular 
sclerite, which is the remnant of the palpifer, the rest of it 
