560 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters . 
having become membranous and allowing free movement of 
the whole labial structure. In the other species, this palpifer 
is fused with the chitinized edge of the mention and is no 
longer separately visible. 
The palpi are three-jointed, their basal segments are very 
broad, and these and the second segments are clothed with still, 
bristle-like hairs. 
Further inward we find the two lobes, galea and laeinia, 
fused, their separation only indicated by a suture. The galea 
is chitinized along its outer margin. The lacmia is thickly 
clothed with short hairs, giving it a velvety appearance. Those 
of both sides converge posteriorly and end in a chitinized piece 
which bears strong teeth on its dorsal edge, and underneath 
these teeth (ventrad) long, saber-shaped hairs are borne. In 
front of this area we find a somewhat quadrangular unpaired 
membrane, clothed with fine, long hairs and concave at its 
anterior edge. This I consider the hypopharynx, for a sim 
ilar structure in other beetles of this group undoubtedly bears 
the sense-hairs (PI. XXX, Fig. 13), although in Copris this 
function has been ceded to the proximal part of the laeinia. 
Underneath this hypopharynx we often find two thin, chitm- 
ous, crescent-shaped plates. These were considered by Smith 
(1. c.) to constitute a valve for the gullet. As an examina¬ 
tion of this so-called “valve” does not fall within the scope of 
this article, a discussion of it will be omitted. Supporting the 
hypopharynx and the floor of the mouth we find a peculiar 
structure, the “fulcrum hypoph aryngeum. ’ 7 It is composed of 
a small chitinous area, usually covered with short, velvety 
hairs, from which radiate slightly curved chitinous rods, gener¬ 
ally four in number; two of these rods are attached to the 
inner surface of the anterior plate of the sub-mentum, and the 
other two either to the posterior plate of the sub-mentum or 
to the gula. These hypopharyngeal structures, with which the 
above mentioned valve seems to be in some way connected, 
were not examined in detail. 
The velvety area mentioned above, at the junction of the 
anterior and posterior arms of the hypoph aryngeal fulcrum, 
