734 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
olus (12). It thins out from the center, stains differently 
from the cytoplasm, but is never clearly definable —“a hya¬ 
line zone, structureless or very finely granular.” Two plasma 
membranes develop simultaneously on the site of the limiting 
layer, one about the spore-plasm, the other lining the cavity in 
which the spore lies. This produces no visible change in the 
limiting layer, although he thinks it probable that the plasma 
.membranes result from a cleavage of the zone. 
'.The nucleus “grows down into the center of the spore,” 
forming a beak. Just what Faull means here by “growth” is 
very uncertain, especially as there is no mention of an in¬ 
crease in the size of the nucleus. Harper (11) has suggested 
several possible methods of beak formation, and seems to re¬ 
gard the activity of the astral rays, in bending down and ex¬ 
erting a pressure on the nucleus, as the most plausible. When 
the exospore is formed, the nucleus resumes its spherical shape 
by withdrawing its beak and with it the center and aster, and 
in this behavior Faull sees conclusive evidence that the rays 
take no part in the formation of the spore membrane. 
Faulks figures of the beaked nucleus with its center and as¬ 
ter all within the spore membrane are very much like the po¬ 
lar or part polar views of spore formation which I have seen 
in Microsphaera , where spore delimitation is certainly accom¬ 
plished by means of the astral rays. I shall discuss the signifi¬ 
cance of such polar views further on. Faull, however, re¬ 
gards these figures as proof that the spores are not delimited 
by the fusion of kinoplasmic fibers, and leaves the question 
without accounting in any way for the persistence and bend¬ 
ing of the rays during the process of spore formation. 
Maire’s latest paper (19) describes the nuclear divisions in 
a number of asci, the mitoses in all of which vary only in mi¬ 
nor details from those in Galactinia succosa. In this fungus, 
Maire (15, 19) finds that the asci arise from a filament of 
binucleated cells which itself arises from a large multinucle- 
ated hypha. 
The nuclei of the binucleated cells show conjugate division 
as in the rusts (2, 3), cross walls are put in, and 
thus rows of “synkaryons” are formed. The end cell of each 
