113 
TIIE CODEX AND THE BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIA. 
Chapters 40, 41, 42, and 43 are made up of Medicated Oils, Distilled 
Waters, Essential Oils, and Alcoolats. 
Medicated Oils are, from their nature, intended for external use; amongst 
them are camphorated oil, analogous to the P. B. linimentum camphoree, oil of 
chamomile flowers, prepared by digesting the Roman chamomile in olive oil at 
a water bath temperature, stirring occasionally, and lastly expressing; also 
phosphorated oil and baume tranquille or soothing balsam,—this contains the 
virtues of the leaves, fresh and dried, flowers, and dried tops of eighteen plants. 
It reminds one of the celebrated oleum viride of oifr younger days, which was 
whichever you please, oil of elder, cabbage, St. John’s wort, wormwood, bricks, 
and several other aliases. 
Distilled Waters are many, and are generally prepared by distillation 
from the fresh leaves or flowers, with one or two exceptions; the distilled water 
of lime-flowers is from the dried flowers, and anise and fennel from the dried 
fruits. The nursing mother would miss the favourite and useful dill-water. 
Essential Oils, prepared by distillation or expression. 
Alcoolats are derived from the distillation of spirit, with various substances 
which may partake of the character of a perfume, as bergamot, cedrat, citron, 
orange-flower, or of the nature of a medicine, as cinnamon, burdoch, or juniper. 
They are divided into simple and compound; the compound, as alcoolat vul- 
neraire, are from the leaves and tops of many plants, sixteen or eighteen ; 
amongst these is aromatic spirit of ammonia without the modern improvements, 
and eau de Cologne. 
Chapters 44 and 45 treat of Extracts, Resins, and Gum-Resins. 
Extracts are divided, ls*t, into those from the evaporation of the juices of 
fruits, as buckthorn; 2nd, from the evaporation of the juices of entire fresh 
plants, or parts of them, as hemlock (in preparing these, the Codex differs 
from the P. B. by rejecting not only the albumen, but also the chlorophyll, and 
the leaves only are employed); 3rd, by the aid of water, as in gentian, rhubarb, 
and many others. Extract of ox-gall is placed in this list, but improperly, as no 
water is used, neither is it ordered to be shaken with alcohol, as in the P. B. 
(the latter still continues wasteful in directing the spirit to be evaporated) ; 4th, 
extracts prepared with spirit at 60°, as digitalis, sarsaparilla, etc., the spirit to 
be recovered by distillation; 5th, ethereal extracts, as male-fern. 
Resins are obtained by means of alcohol at 90°. 
Gum-Resins, as ammoniacum, assafoetida, galbanum, and sagapenum, are 
purified by being boiled, in-the first place, with water, and then alcohol at 90°, 
added so as to make a hydro-alcoholic mixture at 60° ; this is to be strained and 
evaporated to a proper consistence. 
Chapters 46, 47, 48, and 49 are made up of Syrups, Mellites, Con¬ 
serves, and Electuaries. 
The SvRUPs*are sixty-six in number, and amongst them are syrup of sul¬ 
phate of strychnia, the last thing one would look for as a syrup, syrup of 
turpentine, aconite, foxglove, and belladonna. 
The Mellites and Conserves are not very numerous. Attached to con¬ 
serves are some chocolate preparations. 
The Electuaries, to which are added confections and opiates, are few in 
number, but legion in the matter of ingredients,—the celebrated theriaque 
having no less than sixty different substances, and compound electuary of senna, 
or lenitive electuary, fifteen. 
Chapters 50, 51, 52, 53, and 54 treat of Jellies, as Iceland-moss jelly ; 
Pates, as pate de jujubes; Oleosaccharates, a mixture of essential oils and 
powdered white sugar, as aniseed ; Saccharates, a mixture of white sugar and 
dry substances, as dried Iceland-moss jelly and sugar, powdered and mixed; 
