20 
Culver—Some Neiv Jersey Eskers. 
well as valleys in its course. In appearance an esker is much 
like a large railway embankment, the main difference being that 
its course is quite irregular and its surface is more uneven than 
that of a railway embankment. 
The eskers noted in the present paper are found in the north¬ 
eastern part of New Jersey, a little east of the valley of the Ram- 
apo. The district embraced is about four miles wide by eight 
long. The series of deposits, including not only eskers, but also 
other gravel bodies, lies in a broad, gentle depression extending 
from the point where the Ramapo enters the state, south to the 
neighborhood of Ramsey’s, where it broadens somewhat and 
connects with other similar valleys, after which all turn south- 
westward and are noted as far as Wyckoff and Camp G-aw on 
the Susquehanna railroad. The disposition of all the deposits 
of gravel found here is to keep well down on the sides o^ on 
the bottom of these valleys. Nevertheless their elevation is not 
constant; and the eskers cross, at different points, small valleys 
and low ridges to some extent. Of the eskers proper the three 
best are the Ramsey’s, the Allendale, and an esker beginning 
about a mile west of Ramsey’s and running parallel with the 
Ramsey’s esker. These with their branches constitute a group 
not unlike a river system. 
The Ramsey’s esker is the central one of the group. It is also 
the longest and the best type of an esker. It begins north of 
the state line in the vicinity of Suffern, N. Y., and extends 
south to the neighborhood of Mahwah, where it is interrupted, 
and in its course are several flat-topped, delta-like deposits of 
precisely similar material, i. e., loose textured sand and gravel. 
These deposits extend south of Mahw^ah about a mile' and a half, 
at which point they cease, and the esker again becomes distinct 
and prominent. It crosses the Erie railroad in the northern 
edge of the village of Ramsey’s, then runs southwest for about 
a mile and a half, where it is again interrupted and is probably 
represented by various shorter branches or pieces of eskers ex¬ 
tending nearly to Wyckoff. This esker has its best development 
about a half mile southwest of' Ramsey’s, where it crosses about 
a half mile of low ground. It stands up clean and clear as a 
sharp ridge of gravel about twenty-five feet high, and one to two 
