22 
Culver—Some New Jersey Eskers. 
wah. Some of those are fifty feet deep, flat-topped, steep-faced 
on the lower side, and shade into the higher ground gradually. 
But they are not directly connected with an esker. The analogy, 
therefore, is not complete. 
In the esker west of the Ramsey’s esker occurs a feature which 
is perhaps suggestive in this connection. This esker after run¬ 
ning as a sharp, well-defined ridge for more than a mile, in which 
distance it climbs about forty feet, turns sharply to the right, 
descends about thirty feet in less than a half mile, makes a 
broader turn into its former course, and then gradually expands 
to fifteen or twenty times its former width, with a correspond¬ 
ing increase in the quantity of material deposited. It then nar¬ 
rows slightly and terminates abruptly, or rather is interrupted 
by one of the narrow gaps previously mentioned. Beyond this 
gap it first widens and then narrows to its original width,—about 
a rod on top. 
Here are three closely analogous types of deposit inti¬ 
mately associated with eskers. In topographic features they 
are practically the same, in material and texture precisely so. 
All lie in the path of eskers. But they are differently connected 
with the eskers. The deposits south of Mahwah simply lie in 
the course of the Ramsey’s esker, but are separated completely 
from it. The junction deposits are connected directly with the 
eskers, but show decided differences of level as compared with 
the associated eskers. The Allendale junction deposit stands 
forty feet higher than either of the two main esker branches 
which unite in it. In the third type we have the esker itself 
gradually widening out into a broad, thick mass without marked 
change of level. In this case we have also the subsequent nar¬ 
rowing of the deposit to its original esker proportions. 
If the first or Mahwah type alone were considered, perhaps 
the most natural inference regarding its genesis would be that 
a rapid stream had here debouched into the still water and there 
built the delta like deposits. Yet even in this group, which 
includes some half dozen of these gravel bodies, are several that 
can hardly by so accounted for; and in each of the other types 
it is clear that the material was brought to its present position 
by ice-walled streams. 
